Bindweed

Bindweed
	Field bindweed ( Convolvulus arvensis )
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Nightshade (Solanales)
Family :	Bindweed
Scientific name
	Convolvulaceae
	Yuss.

The bindweed family (Convolvulaceae) are a family of plants in the order of the nightshade-like (Solanales). Typical of the representatives of this family are the flowers with five funnel-shaped fused petals and the mostly twisting habit. The 55 to 60 genera with around 1600 to 1700 species occur worldwide mainly in the tropics , but can also be found in the temperate areas . The most economically important species of the family is the sweet potato , which is cultivated as food. Some species are grown as ornamental plants . In bindweed plants, ergot alkaloids have so far been identified as the only higher plant family .

description

Vegetative characteristics

Climbing growth of the bindweed ( Calystegia sepium )

Right-hand helix , slope about 60 °

Tribus Ipomoeeae: Illustration of Stictocardia jucunda

Bindweed plants are usually perennial , only rarely annual herbaceous climbing plants or woody lianas , rarely bushes or trees . The direction in which the plants twist is always counterclockwise when viewed from above. The plants often contain milky sap . The phloem is mostly surrounded by the xylem . Mostly trichomes are present, these are then simple, two-armed or star-shaped.

The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blade is usually simple, rarely lobed or compound. Mostly they are entire, the veins are pinnate or palmate. Occasionally the leaves are also severely reduced. The stomata has two secondary cells lying parallel to the guard cells (paracytic stoma). There are no stipules .

Typical flowering diagram of bindweed plants

Inflorescences and flowers

The inflorescences are closed, often they are reduced to a single flower . The flowers themselves are radial symmetry , zygomorphic flowers are rare . Except for the flowers of the Hildebrandtia genus , they are complete.

The calyx consists of five uniform or irregular sepals, some of which enlarge when the fruit is ripe. The crown is also five-fold, the petals are widely fused, often large and conspicuous. Funnel-shaped crowns are common within the family. The petals are rolled up in the bud in a clockwise direction.

Fruits and seeds of the morning glory ( Ipomoea nil )

The five stamens are in front of the petals and usually do not protrude beyond the crown. Occasionally the stamens are of unequal length, they are straight or broadened at the base, they can be hairless or finely haired. The pollen grains can be tricolpate (with three germ folds) to multiporat (with many germ pores), the surface (exine) can be prickly or smooth. The gynoecium usually consists of two combined together carpels , only some species of morning glory ( Ipomoea ) have three united carpels. They are not lobed to deeply lobed, form a two-chambered, upper ovary and have a central angled placentation . Usually one to two ovules are formed per chamber , only in the genus Humbertia there are about 20. An integument is formed, the ovule is tenuinucellate and apotropic (turned away). The stylus is split undivided or partially to completely, it rises at the upper end (terminal) or near the point of attachment of the fruit leaves next to the ovary (gynobasisch). There are one or two (rarely three) scars , these are head-shaped, flattened and straight to lobed.

Fruits and seeds

Usually dry, popping capsule fruits are formed, but fleshy and non-popping fruits are also found. In most cases, the fruits contain four seeds inside which there is a straight or curved embryo , the cotyledons of which are folded or stunted.

ingredients

Investigations on secondary plant substances were only carried out in some of the genera of the family, investigations from the tribe Cardiochlamydeae and Dichondreae are completely lacking.

In the members of the family examined, six groups of ornithine- derived alkaloids were found, which also occur in the sister family of the nightshade family (Solanaceae): simple pyrrolidine alkaloids of the hygrin type (in 143 of 150 species examined), N-acylpyrrolidines (in two types found), nicotinoids (in small proportions in 99 of 150 examined species), tropane alkaloids (in 152 of 166 examined species), calystegins (69 of 135 examined species) and indolizidines (in 2 species). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids occur in individual species of the genus Ipomoea (and 15 other families of the Bedecktsamer ), but not in the nightshade family.

Furthermore, some tryptophan- derived alkaloids of the β-carbolines ( harman alkaloids ) and ergot alkaloids were found. The occurrence of ergot alkaloids, which was only discovered in the 1960s, caused astonishment, as these substances were not previously known from higher plants. Within the morning glory ( Ipomoea ), the number of species in which ergot alkaloids were subsequently found is particularly high: 23 of the 79 species examined definitely contain ergot alkaloids; for 15 species the information to be found in the literature is contradictory or the methods on which the investigations are based are doubtful. No ergot alkaloids were found in the remaining 41 species examined.

It was also Glykoretine found, esters of hydroxy fatty acids with sugar, dairy juices of wind plants.

ecology

Within the family, with the genus silk ( Cuscuta ), there are half or full parasites that have little or no chlorophyll . The C3 photosynthesis type has been detected in some genera .

Systematics and distribution

Fossil pollen finds show a worldwide distribution of the family. The oldest find is that of Calystegiapollis microechinatus from the early Eocene in Africa . From the middle Eocene the family is proven by Perfotricolpites digitatus in Brazil . Since similar pollen was also found in Antarctica , it is believed that the family came to Australia this way .

Winds are mainly found in the tropics around the world, but some species also grow into the temperate zone . The greatest diversity prevails on the American continents as well as in Africa . Some of the genera, for example Bonamia , Ipomoea , Merremia and Operculina have worldwide distribution areas, while others are only native to a single continent. There are 10 genera that occur only in America, 13 African and 10 Asian genera.

External system

The bindweed family is classified in the order of the nightshade family, where they form a sister clade to the nightshade family (Solanaceae). Both families in turn form a monophyletic taxon, which is a sister clade to the families Hydroleaceae , Sphenocleaceae and Montiniaceae .

	Hydroleaceae

	Sphenocleaceae

Montiniaceae

	Solanaceae

	Convolvulaceae

Cladogram according to Cosner et al. 1994

Internal system

The bindweed family (Convolvulaceae) contains about 60 genera. In 2003, Saša Stefanović , Daniel Frank Austin and Richard Olmstead classified these genera in their phylogenetically based systematics of the bindweed family in twelve tribes , whereby the Merremieae are only temporarily placed in the system and some genera within the Dichondreae have only been included provisionally. Of the traditionally recognized subfamilies, only two are recognized, the Humbertioideae contain the monotypical genus Humbertia and the Convolvuloideae contain all other genera of the family. The genus Porana turned out to be non-monophyletic through these investigations, some of the species belonging to it in the traditional scope are within the tribe Dichondreae, others belong to the tribe Cardiochlamydeae. A revision of the former tribe Poraneae published in 2006 assigns the Porana sensu stricto to the tribe Dichondreae, the other species are assigned to other genera of the tribe Cardiochlamyeae.

Tribus Cresseae: Evolvulus glomeratus cultivar 'Blue Daze'

The relationships between the tribes were not fully clarified in 2003, the following cladogram shows the assumed evolutionary relationships between the individual groups.

	Ipomoeeae

	Merremieae

	Convolvuleae
Template: Klade / Maintenance / 3

Aniseieae

Cuscuteae

	Jacquemontieae

	Maripeae

	Cresseae

	Dichondreae
Template: Klade / Maintenance / 3Template: Klade / Maintenance / 4

Erycibeae

Cardiochlamydeae

Humbertieae

Tribes and genera of the bindweed family

Tribus Convolvuleae: Beach bindweed ( Calystegia soldanella )

Tribe Cardiochlamydeae: Poranopsis paniculata

Tribus Cresseae: inflorescences of Cressa truxillensis

Tribus Cuscuteae: nettle silk ( Cuscuta europaea )

Tribus Dichondreae: Dichondra micrantha

Tribe Ipomoeeae: Ipomoea batatas

Tribus Jacquemontieae: Jacquemontia sandwicensis

Tribus Merremieae: Distimake aegyptius

Tribus Merremieae: Merremia palmata

Tribus Merremieae: Xenostegia tridentata

Tribus Aniseieae Stefanović & DFAustin : Since 2017 it only contains three genera:

Aniseia Choisy (Syn .: Iseia O'Donell ): Since 2017, it contains about three species thatare widespreadin the Neotropic .
Odonellia K. R. Robertson : The only two types are distributed from Mexico to tropical South America.
Tetralocularia O'Donell : it contains only one species:
- Tetralocularia pennellii O'Donell : It occurs from Colombia and French Guiana to northern Brazil .

Tribus Cardiochlamydeae Stefanović & DFAustin :

Cardiochlamys Olive. : The only two species occur only in Madagascar .
Cordisepalum Verdc. : The only two species are native to Indochina .
Dinetus Buch.-Ham. ex Sweet : The eight or so species are distributed from tropical Asia to China .
Duperreya Gaudich. : The only three types are common in Australia .
Poranopsis Roberty : The only three species are distributed from the Indian subcontinent to Indochina and China.
Tridynamia Gagnep. : The fouror sospecies are distributed from Assam and Malaysia to China.

Tribe Convolvuleae (Choisy) Choisy

Fence winds ( Calystegia R.Br. ): The approximately 25 species are common in the temperate zones of the earth and in the subtropics.
Winds ( Convolvulus L. ): The approximately 218 species are distributed in the temperate zones of the earth and in the subtropics.
Polymeria R.Br. : The approximately 11 species are distributed from Indonesia to Australia and New Caledonia.

Tribus Cresseae Benth. & Hook.

Bonamia Thouars : The approximately 57 species are distributed in the tropics and subtropics
Cladostigma Radlk. : The only three species are common in northeastern and eastern tropical Africa and on the southwestern Arabian Peninsula.
Cressa L .: The approximately 4 species are distributed in the temperate zones of the earth and in the subtropics.
Evolvulus L .: The approximately 100 species are distributed in the tropics and subtropics.
Hildebrandtia Vatke : The 111 or so species are distributed in eastern and northeastern Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula and on Madagascar.
Sabaudiella Chiov. : It only contains one species, but it is alsoplaced under Hildebrandtia .
Seddera Hochst. : The approximately 28 species are distributed in Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula and from Pakistan to India.
Stylisma Raf. : The six or so species are common in the United States.

For the time being in tribe Cresseae the genera are:

Itzaea Standl. & Steyerm. : It contains only one type:
- Itzaea sericea (Standl.) Standl. & Steyerm. : It occurs from southern Mexico to Nicaragua .
Neuropeltis Wall. : The approximately 14 species are distributed from West Africa to Angola , from India to China and in western Malesia .
Neuropeltopsis Ooststr. : It contains only one type:
- Neuropeltopsis alba Ooststr. : It only occurs in Borneo.
Wilsonia R.Br. : The only three types are common in Australia.

Tribe Cuscuteae Choisy : It contains only one genus:

Silk ( Cuscuta L. ): The approximately 213 species together are cosmopolitan

Tribus Dichondreae (Choisy) Choisy :

Dichondra J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. : The approximately 15 species are common in the New World, the Mascarene , Australia and New Zealand .
Falkia Thunb. : The only three species are distributed from Eritrea to southern Africa.
Metaporana N.E.Br. : The sixor sospecies are common in Africa, Socotra and Madagascar.
Nephrophyllum A. Rich. : It contains only one type:
- Nephrophyllum abyssinicum A.Rich. : It occurs in Eritrea and Ethiopia .
Petrogenia I.M.Johnst. : It contains only one type:
- Petrogenia repens I.M.Johnst. : It occurs only in Texas and northeastern Mexico.
Porana Burm. f. : Of the only two species, one is distributed from Indochina to Malesia and the other in Mexico.

The following were temporarily placed in the dichondreae:

Calycobolus Roem. & Schult. : The approximately 30 species that spread from West Africa to Angola and tropical South America.
Dipteropeltis Hallier f. : The three or so species are common in tropical Africa.
Rapona Baill. : It contains only one type:
- Rapona tiliifolia (Baker) Verdc. : It only occurs in Madagascar.

Tribe Erycibeae (Endl.) Hall. f.

Erycibe Roxb. : The approximately 67 species occur from Indomalesien to Australia and Japan .

Tribus Humbertieae Stefanović & DFAustin : It contains only one genus:

Humbertia Comm. ex Lam. : It contains only one type:
- Humbertia madagascariensis Lam. : It occurs in Madagascar.

Tribus Ipomoeeae Hallier f.

Argyreia Lour. : The 90 to 132 species are mainly found in tropical and subtropical Asia, in Madagascar, and one species also occurs in northern Queensland.
Astripomoea A. Meeuse : The approximately 12 species are common in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
Blinkworthia Choisy : The only two species are distributed from southern China to Indochina.
Morning glory ( Ipomoea L. ): The approximately 588 species are common in the New World and in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World.
Lepistemon flower : The approximately six species are distributed in tropical Africa and from tropical and subtropical Asia to northeastern Australia.
Lepistemonopsis Dammer : It contains only one species:
- Lepistemonopsis volkensii Dammer : It occurs in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania .
Paralepistemon Lejoly & Lisowski : The only two species occur from the southern Democratic Republic of the Congo to KwaZulu-Natal .
Rivea Choisy : The only three species are distributed from the Indian subcontinent to Indochina.
Stictocardia Hallier f. : The 12 or so species are distributed from the tropics and subtropics of the Old World to the islands in the Pacific.
Turbina Raf. : The approximately 15 species are distributed in Africa, Madagascar, New Caledonia and the New World.

Tribus Jacquemontieae Stefanović & DFAustin : It contains only one genus:

Jacquemontia Choisy : The approximately 109 species are distributed in the tropics and subtropics.

Tribe Maripeae Webb. & Berth. : It contains about nine genera:

Dicranostyles Benth. : The approximately 15 species are common in South America.
Lysiostyles Benth. : It contains only one type:
- Lysiostyles scandens Benth. : It occurs from northern South America to northern Brazil.
Maripa Aubl. : The 20 species are distributed from Mexico to South America.

Tribus Merremieae (preliminary) DFAustin : It is not monophyletic:

Camonea Raf. : The five or so species are common in the tropics and subtropics.
Decalobanthus Ooststr. : The approximately 13 species are distributed from tropical and subtropical Asia to the islands in the Pacific, in Tanzania and on islands in the western Indian Ocean.
Distimake Raf. (Syn .: Astromerremia Pilg. , Davenportia R.W.Johnson ): Since 2017, 35 species that occur in the tropics and subtropics are counted here. Before that they were included in the genus Merremia .
Hewittia Wight & Arn. : It contains only one type:
- Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh : It is common in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World.
Hyalocystis Hallier f. : The roughly two species occur in northeastern tropical Africa.
Merremia Dennst. ex Endl. (Syn .: Merremia Dennst. , Skinneria Choisy , Spiranthera Bojer ex Desjardins nom. Illeg.): The only 54 species left since 2017 are distributed in the tropics and subtropics of the New and Old World to the temperate regions of Asia. Since 2017, 35 species previously classified in this genus have been transferred to the genus Distimake Raf. posed.
Operculina Silva Manso : The 15 or so species are common in the tropics.

Xenostegia D.F. Austin & Staples : The five or so species are common in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World.

Botanical history

Early botanical depictions of bindweed plants can be found, for example, in the New Kreüterbuch (1543) by Leonhart Fuchs ; the plants depicted there are Calystegia sepium and Convolvulus arvensis .

Carl von Linné described in Species Plantarum (1753) and Genera Plantarum (1754) with Convolvulus , Cressa , Cuscuta , Evolulus , Ipomoea and Porana, a total of six genera that are now included in the family. The bindweed family was described by Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum in 1789 .

Over the course of time, there have been a wide variety of views on the infra-family systematics of the bindweed family: the systematics of the bindweed family presented in three publications by Jacques Denys Choisy from 1833 to 1844 and summarized again in 1845 divides them into four tribes, the Argyreieae, the Convolvuleae, the Dichondreae and the Cuscuteae. The genus Erycibe was excluded from the family and run as an independent family Erycibaceae. Other editors, such as August Progel in Flora Brasiliensis, also removed the genus Cuscuta as an independent family Cuscutaceae from the family. George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker, in turn, also classify the Nolana , which today belongs to the nightshade family (Solanaceae), to the bindweed family.

In 1893 Hans Gottfried Hallier presented a further systematic classification of the family, which divided it into Echinoconeae (with prickly pollen grains) and Psiloconeae (with non-prickly pollen grains). He further subdivides these groups into the tribe Cuscuteae, Wilsonieae, Dichondreae, Erycibeae, Poraneae, Dicranostyleae, Convolvuleae, Ipomoeeae and Argyreieae. Many of these tribes were recognized until the 20th century, although the assignment of the genres to these tribes often changed. The latest family system based on traditional methods comes from Daniel Frank Austin from 1973, which he revised again in 1998.

In molecular biological studies, the Echinoconeae Halliers proved to be monophyletic; in the last published systematics of the family of Saša Stefanović, Daniel Frank Austin and Richard Olmstead from 2003, however, some of the tribes are dissolved and reorganized into new tribes.

Sweet potato dessert ( Ipomoea batatas )

Prepared water spinach ( Ipomoea aquatica )

Purple morning glory ( Ipomoea purpurea ) for greening fences

use

The most important food type of the bindweed family is the sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ), of whose tuberous thickening of the root around 126 million tons were harvested worldwide in 2007 . It has been collected and eaten in South America for at least 8,000 to 10,000 years ; the oldest evidence of cultivated sweet potatoes is from around 2000 BC. Dated. Furthermore, the water spinach ( Ipomoea aquatica ) is often used as a leaf vegetable. The species is native to Africa, Asia and the Pacific Islands and has been used since around 200 BC. Used in South Asia until 300 AD. In China, other members of the family are rarely used as food, for example Convolvulus chinensis , Ipomoea cairica , Ipomoea mauritiana , Ipomoea staphylina and Merremia hungaiensis as tuber or root vegetables or starch sources and Ipomoea alba and Ipomoea muricata as leaf vegetables.

Some species from the genera Convolvulus , Calystegia and Ipomoea are used as ornamental plants , for example the creeping bindweed ( Convolvulus sabatius ), the three-colored bindweed ( Convolvulus tricolor ), the common bindweed ( Calystegia sepium ), the forest bindweed ( Calystegia silvatica ) Cardinal morning glory ( Ipomoea × multifida ), the sky-blue morning glory ( Ipomoea tricolor ) and the purple morning glory ( Ipomoea purpurea ).

Turbina corymbosa , Ipomoea tricolor and Argyreia nervosa in particular have various ritual and ethnomedical uses. The effectiveness is mostly based on the ergot alkaloids contained, such as lysergic acid amide .

swell

literature

Saša Stefanović, Daniel F. Austin, Richard Olmstead: Classification of Convolvulaceae: A Phylogenetic Approach. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 28, No. 4, 2003. pp. 791-806 ( PDF file ; 318 kB).
Daniel F. Austin: Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory Family). 1997 Internet publication , accessed May 25, 2014.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Eckart Eich: Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae: Secondary Metabolites Biosynthesis, Chemotaxonomy, Biological and Economic Significance (A Handbook). Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-74540-2 , doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-540-74541-9 .
↑ Dietrich Frohne, Uwe Jensen: Systematics of the plant kingdom with special consideration of chemical characteristics and plant drugs . 4th edition, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart / Jena / New York, ISBN 3-437-20486-6 , p. 318.
^ Helene A. Martin: The family Convolvulaceae in the Tertiary of Australia: evidence from pollen. In: Australian Journal of Botany. Volume 49, No. 2, 2001, pp. 221-234, doi: 10.1071 / BT00057 .
^ Mary E. Cosner, Robert K. Jansen, Thomas G. Lammers: Phylogenetic relationships in the Campanulales based on rbcL sequences. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 190, No. 1-2, 1994, pp. 79-94, doi: 10.1007 / BF00937860 .
^ ^A ^b Saša Stefanović, Daniel F. Austin, Richard Olmstead: Classification of Convolvulaceae: A Phylogenetic Approach. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 28, No. 4, 2003, pp. 791-806 (PDF file; 318 kB) .
^ GW Staples: Revision of Asiatic Poraneae (Convolvulaceae) - Cordisepalum, Dinetus, Duperreya, Porana, Poranopsis, and Tridynamia. In: Blumea. Volume 51, 2006, pp. 403-491 ( abstract ).
↑ ^a ^b Sarah Maria Athie-Souza, George Staples, Carmen Sílvia Zickel, Maria Teresa Buril: Towards a Better Understanding of the Tribe Aniseieae: Revisiting Aniseia and Iseia (Convolvulaceae). : In: Systematic Botany , Volume 42, Issue, 3, 2017, pp. 590–605. doi : 10.1600 / 036364417X696131
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Convolvulaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 25, 2018.
^ ^A ^b David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 .
↑ AR Simões, G. Staples: Dissolution of Convolvulaceae tribe Merremieae and a new classification of the constituent genera. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 183, 2017, pp. 561-586.
↑ Jacques Denys Choisy: Convolvulaceae . In: A. de Candolle (Ed.): Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Volume 9, Paris, 1845, pp. 323-465 ( digitized version ).
↑ August Progel: Cuscutaceae. In: Flora brasiliensis. Volume 7, Munich / Leipzig, 1871, pp. 371-390 ( digitized version ).
↑ George Bentham, Joseph Dalton Hooker: Convolvulaceae. In: Genera plantarum: ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita. Volume 2, Part 2, London, 1873, pp. 865-881 ( digitized ).
↑ Hans Hallier: Attempt of a natural structure of the Convolvulaceans on a morphological and anatomical basis. In: Botanical yearbooks for systematics, plant history and plant geography. Volume 16, No. 4-5, 1893, pp. 453-591 ( digitized version ).
↑ Jennifer A. Woolfe: Sweet Potato: An Untapped Food Resource. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 1992, ISBN 0-521-40295-6 , limited preview in Google Book Search.
^ Daniel F. Austin: Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica, Convolvulaceae) A food gone wild. In: Ethnobotany Research & Applications , Volume 5, 2007, pp. 123-146 ( PDF file ).
↑ Shiu-ying Hu: Food Plants of China. The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, 2005, ISBN 962-201-860-2 .
↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .

Web links

Commons : Convolvulaceae - Collection of images, videos and audio files

The Convolvulaceae family on the AP website. (engl.)
Convolvulaceae Unlimited .

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on January 19, 2009 .

[Eich08-1] Eckart Eich: Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae: Secondary Metabolites Biosynthesis, Chemotaxonomy, Biological and Economic Significance (A Handbook). Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-74540-2 , doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-540-74541-9 .

[Frohne-2] Dietrich Frohne, Uwe Jensen: Systematics of the plant kingdom with special consideration of chemical characteristics and plant drugs . 4th edition, Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart / Jena / New York, ISBN 3-437-20486-6 , p. 318.

[Martin01-3] Helene A. Martin: The family Convolvulaceae in the Tertiary of Australia: evidence from pollen. In: Australian Journal of Botany. Volume 49, No. 2, 2001, pp. 221-234, doi: 10.1071 / BT00057 .

[Cosner94-4] Mary E. Cosner, Robert K. Jansen, Thomas G. Lammers: Phylogenetic relationships in the Campanulales based on rbcL sequences. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 190, No. 1-2, 1994, pp. 79-94, doi: 10.1007 / BF00937860 .

[Stefanovic03-5] A ^b Saša Stefanović, Daniel F. Austin, Richard Olmstead: Classification of Convolvulaceae: A Phylogenetic Approach. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 28, No. 4, 2003, pp. 791-806 (PDF file; 318 kB) .

[Staples06-6] GW Staples: Revision of Asiatic Poraneae (Convolvulaceae) - Cordisepalum, Dinetus, Duperreya, Porana, Poranopsis, and Tridynamia. In: Blumea. Volume 51, 2006, pp. 403-491 ( abstract ).

[Athiê-Souza2017-7] Sarah Maria Athie-Souza, George Staples, Carmen Sílvia Zickel, Maria Teresa Buril: Towards a Better Understanding of the Tribe Aniseieae: Revisiting Aniseia and Iseia (Convolvulaceae). : In: Systematic Botany , Volume 42, Issue, 3, 2017, pp. 590–605. doi : 10.1600 / 036364417X696131

[WCSP-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Convolvulaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 25, 2018.

[Mabberley2008-9] A ^b David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 .

[Simões2017-10] AR Simões, G. Staples: Dissolution of Convolvulaceae tribe Merremieae and a new classification of the constituent genera. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 183, 2017, pp. 561-586.

[Choisy1845-11] Jacques Denys Choisy: Convolvulaceae . In: A. de Candolle (Ed.): Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Volume 9, Paris, 1845, pp. 323-465 ( digitized version ).

[Progel1871-12] August Progel: Cuscutaceae. In: Flora brasiliensis. Volume 7, Munich / Leipzig, 1871, pp. 371-390 ( digitized version ).

[Bentham1873-13] George Bentham, Joseph Dalton Hooker: Convolvulaceae. In: Genera plantarum: ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita. Volume 2, Part 2, London, 1873, pp. 865-881 ( digitized ).

[Hallier1893-14] Hans Hallier: Attempt of a natural structure of the Convolvulaceans on a morphological and anatomical basis. In: Botanical yearbooks for systematics, plant history and plant geography. Volume 16, No. 4-5, 1893, pp. 453-591 ( digitized version ).

[Woolfe92-15] Jennifer A. Woolfe: Sweet Potato: An Untapped Food Resource. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 1992, ISBN 0-521-40295-6 , limited preview in Google Book Search.

[Austin07-16] Daniel F. Austin: Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica, Convolvulaceae) A food gone wild. In: Ethnobotany Research & Applications , Volume 5, 2007, pp. 123-146 ( PDF file ).

[Hu05-17] Shiu-ying Hu: Food Plants of China. The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, 2005, ISBN 962-201-860-2 .

[Rothmaler5-18] Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .