Silk (genus)

silk
	Nettle silk ( Cuscuta europaea )
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Nightshade (Solanales)
Family :	Bindweed family (Convolvulaceae)
Tribe :	Cuscuteae
Genre :	silk
Scientific name of the tribe
	Cuscuteae
	Choisy
Scientific name of the genus
	Cuscuta
	L.

Silk or devil's twine ( Cuscuta ) is the only genus of the tribe Cuscuteae within the plant family of the bindweed family (Convolvulaceae). Other common German names are Jungfernhaar, Kletterhur, Schmarotzerseide and Hexenseide. The more than 200 species are distributed almost worldwide, they feed parasitically on other plant species. The textile fiber silk is an animal fiber and has only the name in common with the plant species of this genus. The Latin name cuscuta probably comes from Arabic and is related to the Greek kadytas ('parasite plant').

description

Vegetative characteristics

Illustration of nettle silk ( Cuscuta europaea )

The species of the genus silk ( Cuscuta ) grow as left-winding, climbing and practically rootless, annual herbaceous plants . They are full parasites that grow on the host plants without contact with the soil. They are connected to the host via haustoria that form along the looping axis of the shoot and deprive it of all the nutrients it needs. If the host is persistent, they can occasionally grow persistently themselves. The stems are thread-like and greenish, yellow, orange or reddish in color. The actually alternate leaves are so reduced that they are mostly not to be seen or are only developed as about 2 mm large scales.

The plants do not have a root . A reduced root is only formed after the seed has germinated. After the seedling has found a suitable host plant, it wilts. If the seedling does not find a host plant within its first few days, it will die.

Subgenus Cuscuta : Quendel silk ( Cuscuta epithymum )

Inflorescences and flowers

Most of the inflorescences are cymes , which can also be head - or panicle - shaped or consist of just a single flower . The inflorescences can be accompanied by up to three bracts .

The flowers are hermaphroditic, radial symmetry and usually four or five-fold. The mostly more or less creamy white colored sepals are partly fused together, but stand free from each other for 2/5 to 3/5 of the length. The crown is usually more or less white; the corolla tube is cup-shaped to cylindrical and can be provided with a bulge or horizontal ribs below the corolla lobes. The calyx and often the crown are permanent on the fruit, with the crown then wilting.

Between the stamens there are mostly scale-shaped lobes that can be upright or bent back. The ovary is upper constant, has two seed chambers with two ovules . The two styles are mostly free from each other and are permanent on the fruit, the two stigmas are usually spherical.

Fruits and seeds

The spherical to egg-shaped capsule fruits do not jump open or open irregularly or only rarely open via a ring crack near the base. There can be an inconspicuous opening between the styluses, in this area the fruits are often thickened and / or raised. The fruits contain one to four seeds . When the seeds have swollen, they have a papillary surface that becomes honeycomb-like when dry.

Systematics

External system

Cuscuta is the only parasitic species in the family of wind plants . Earlier editors therefore partly placed the taxon in a separate family of silk plants (Cuscutaceae). According to the system of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group , Cuscuta continues to be listed within the Convolvulaceae. Studies with the help of molecular genetic methods confirm this classification . Cuscuta is the only genus of the tribe Cuscuteae within the Convolvulaceae family .

Internal system

The genus silk ( Cuscuta ) includes over 200 species , which are divided into three sub-genera. The approximately 25 species of the subgenus Cuscuta are characterized by two pens of the same length, which are completely free from each other and conically in the elongated scars pass. The largest number of species has the subgenus Grammica with at least 135 to 140 species. The species have two free-standing styles of different lengths that end in short, often spherical scars. The approximately nine species of the subgenus Monogyna have partially or completely fused styles with spherical or elongated stigmas. The following list is based on the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , Saša Stefanović and Mihai Costea 2008 as well as Miguel A. Garciá and María P. Martín 2007, deviations and additions to this are marked with individual references.

Subgenera, sections and species of the genus Cuscuta

Subgenus Cuscuta : Cuscuta approximata

Subgenus Cuscuta : Quendel silk ( Cuscuta epithymum )

Subgenus Cuscuta : nettle silk ( Cuscuta europaea )

Subgenus Monogyna : Cuscuta japonica

Subgenus Monogyna : Poplar silk ( Cuscuta lupuliformis )

Subgenus Grammica : Cuscuta australis

Subgenus Grammica : North American silk ( Cuscuta campestris )

Subgenus Grammica : Cuscuta chilensis

Subgenus Grammica : Cuscuta chinensis

Subgenus Grammica : Cuscuta sandwichiana

Cuscuta pacifica

Subgenus Cuscuta

Section Pachystigma Engelm.

Cuscuta africana Willd. : It occurs in the Capensis.
Cuscuta angulata Engelm. : It occurs from the Cape Province to KwaZulu-Natal.
Cuscuta natalensis Baker : It occurs in southern Africa.
Cuscuta nitida E. Mey. ex Choisy : It occurs from the Cape Province to KwaZulu-Natal.

Section Cleistococca Engelm.

Cuscuta capitata Roxb. : It occurs from southern European Russia to the Altai and the western Himalayas.

Section Epistigma Engelm.

Cuscuta haussknechtii Yunck. : It occurs in southwestern Iran.
Cuscuta kotschyana Boiss. : It occurs from Turkey to Central Asia and Pakistan.
Cuscuta pedicellata Ledeb. : It is common in North Africa, Central and West Asia and in southeastern Russia.
Cuscuta pulchella Engelm. : It occurs in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Section of Cuscuta

Cuscuta abyssinica A.Rich. : It occurs in northeastern tropical Africa.
Cuscuta approximata Bab. (Syn .: Cuscuta rhodesiana Yunck. ): It occurs in Macaronesia, from the Mediterranean region to Siberia and Indochina, from Eritrea to Zambia, on the Arabian Peninsula, in North America and in the Caribbean.
Cuscuta atrans Feinbrun : It occurs in Crete.
Cuscuta babylonica Aucher ex Choisy : It occurs from Turkey to Central Asia and Afghanistan.
Cuscuta balansae Boiss. & Reut. ex Yunck. : It occurs from the islands of the Aegean to West Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, in Angola and on Socotra.
Cuscuta brevistyla A.Braun ex A.Rich. : It occurs from the Canary Islands to Tibet.
Cuscuta castroviejoi M.A. García : It occurs in Ethiopia and maybe also in Somalia.
Flax silk ( Cuscuta epilinum Weihe ): It originally occurs from Iran to Central Asia.
Quendel silk ( Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. ): It occurs from Europe to northwestern China and Macaronesia.
Nettle silk ( Cuscuta europaea L. ): It occurs from the temperate zones of Eurasia to northern India.
Cuscuta kurdica Engelm. : It occurs from eastern Turkey to Afghanistan.
Cuscuta nivea M.A.García : It occurs in Spain, Algeria and maybe also in Morocco.
Cuscuta palaestina Boiss. : It occurs from the eastern Mediterranean area to western Iran.
Cuscuta pellucida Butkov : It occurs from southern European Russia to Central Asia.
Cuscuta planiflora Ten. (Syn .: Cuscuta pretoriana Yunck. ): It occurs from the Mediterranean region to northwestern India, in Macaronesia, from Eritrea to southern Africa and Madagascar.
Cuscuta rausii M.A.García : It occurs on Karpathos .
Cuscuta somaliensis Yunck. : It occurs from northeastern tropical Africa to Zimbabwe and Yemen.
Cuscuta triumvirati Lange : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria and in the Spanish Sierra Nevada.

Subgenus Monogyna Engelm. ex Yunck.

Cuscuta japonica Choisy : It occurs from Indochina to East Asia.
Cuscuta lehmanniana Bunge : It occurs from northeastern Iran to Central Asia and northwestern China.
Poplar silk ( Cuscuta lupuliformis Krock. ): It occurs from Europe to Pakistan and Mongolia.
Cuscuta monogyna Vahl : It occurs from Europe to Pakistan and Mongolia and in northwestern Africa.

Subgenus Grammica (Lour.) Yunck.

Cuscuta acuta Engelm. : It occurs in western South America in Ecuador including the Galapagos and in western Peru.
Cuscuta australis R.Br.
Cuscuta bifurcata Yunck. : It occurs in southern Africa.
Cuscuta boldinghii Urb. : It occurs from Mexico to Costa Rica and from Florida to the islands of the Caribbean.
Cuscuta burrellii Yunck. : It occurs in Brazil.
Cuscuta californica Hook. & Arn. : It occurs in three varieties from the United States to northwestern Mexico.
North American silk ( Cuscuta campestris Yunck. )
Cuscuta ceanothi Behr (Syn .: Cuscuta subinclusa Durand & Hilg. ): It occurs from Oregon to northwestern Mexico.
Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelm. : It occurs in North America.
Cuscuta chapalana Yunck. : It occurs in southwestern Mexico.
Cuscuta chilensis Ker Gawl. : It occurs from Argentina to Chile.
Cuscuta chinensis Lam. (Syn .: Cuscuta applanata Engelm. ): It occurs in two varieties in tropical Africa, in Madagascar, from Asia to Australia and from the USA to Mexico.
Cuscuta cockerellii Yunck. : It occurs in Peru.
Cuscuta colombiana Yunck. (Syn .: Cuscuta aristeguietae Yunck. )
Cuscuta compacta Juss. ex Choisy : It occurs in the central and eastern United States.
Cuscuta corniculata Engelm. : It occurs in Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil.
Cuscuta coryli Engelm. : It occurs in Canada and the USA.
Cuscuta corymbosa Ruiz & Pav .: It occurs from Mexico to Venezuela and Bolivia.
Cuscuta costaricensis Yunck. : It occurs from Mexico to Costa Rica and in Venezuela.
Cuscuta cotijana Costea & I. García : It occurs only in Mexico.
Cuscuta cozumeliensis Yunck. : It occurs from southeast Mexico to Guatemala.
Cuscuta cristata Engelm. : It occurs from southern Brazil to northern Argentina.
Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. & A.Gray : It occurs in the USA.
Cuscuta decipiens Yunck. : It occurs in Mexico.
Cuscuta deltoidea Yunck. (Syn .: Cuscuta serruloba Yunck. ): It occurs in southwest Mexico.
Cuscuta denticulata Engelm. : Western United States and northwestern Mexico.
Cuscuta desmouliniana Yunck. : Northwestern Mexico.
Cuscuta erosa Yunck. : Arizona to northwestern Mexico.
Cuscuta foetida Kunth : It occurs in two varieties in western South America.
Cuscuta friesii Yunck. : Argentina.
Cuscuta glabrior (Engelm.) Yunck. : New Mexico to Oklahoma and northeastern Mexico.
Cuscuta globiflora Engelm. : Peru to northwest Argentina.
Cuscuta globulosa Benth. : Mexico and the Caribbean.
Cuscuta glomerata Choisy : Central and Eastern USA.
Cuscuta gracillima Engelm. : Mexico to Costa Rica.
Cuscuta grandiflora Kunth : From the Andes to northwestern Argentina.
Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Schult. : It is originally found in three varieties in Canada, the USA and on Hispaniola.
Cuscuta gymnocarpa Engelm. : Galapagos Islands.
Cuscuta harperi Small : Northwestern Alabama.
Cuscuta haughtii Yunck. : Ecuador to Peru.
Cuscuta howelliana P. Rubtzov : California.
Cuscuta hyalina Roth ex Schult. : Ethiopia to southern Africa, Cape Verde, Turkey and Afghanistan to the Indian subcontinent.
Cuscuta incurvata Progel : Southeastern Brazil and Paraguay.
Cuscuta indecora Choisy : It occurs in four varieties from the USA to Colombia and in the Caribbean.
Cuscuta jalapensis Schltdl. : Mexico to Guatemala.
Cuscuta kilimanjari olive. : It occurs in three varieties from Ethiopia to southern Africa and Madagascar.
Cuscuta leptantha Engelm. : USA to northwestern Mexico.
Cuscuta liliputana Costea & Stefanović : Arizona to Texas.
Cuscuta lindsayi Wiggins : Mexico.
Cuscuta macrocephala Schaffner ex Yuncker : Northern and Western Mexico.
Cuscuta macvaughii Yunck. : Southwestern Mexico.
Cuscuta micrantha Choisy : It occurs in three varieties in Chile.
Cuscuta microstyla Engelm. : Chile to western Argentina.
Cuscuta mitriformis Engelm. ex Hemsl. : Arizona to New Mexico and Mexico.
Cuscuta nevadensis I.M.Johnst. : Nevada.
Cuscuta obtusiflora Kunth : It occurs in two subspecies and two varieties from the USA to tropical America, in Eritrea and in Indochina.
Cuscuta occidentalis Millsp. : Western United States and northwestern Mexico.
Cuscuta odontolepis Engelm. : Southern Arizona to Northern Mexico.
Cuscuta odorata Ruiz & Pav .: It occurs in four varieties from Ecuador to Brazil and southern South America.
Cuscuta paitana Yunck. : Peru.
Cuscuta parodiana Yunck. : Southern Bolivia to northwestern Argentina.
Cuscuta partita Choisy : Caribbean to tropical South America.
Cuscuta parviflora Engelm. : Brazil.
Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. : North America to Belize, plus Cuba.
Cuscuta plattensis A.Nelson : Wyoming.
Cuscuta platyloba Progel : Bolivia to Brazil and northeast Argentina.
Cuscuta polyanthemos Schaffner ex Yuncker : Northwestern Mexico.
Cuscuta polygonorum Engelm. : Eastern Canada to central and eastern USA.
Cuscuta potosina Schaffner ex S.Watson : Mexico.
Cuscuta prismatica Pav. Ex Choisy : Ecuador.
Cuscuta punana Costea & Stefanović : Ecuador.
Cuscuta purpurata Phil .: Chile.
Cuscuta purpusii Yunck. : Northeastern Mexico.
Cuscuta racemosa Mart. : It occurs in three varieties in Brazil.
Cuscuta rostrata Shuttlew. ex Engelm. & A.Gray : East-central USA.
Cuscuta rugosiceps Yunck. : Mexico to Guatemala.
Cuscuta runyonii Yunck. : Southern Texas.
Cuscuta salina Engelm. : Southern USA to northwest Mexico.
Cuscuta sandwichiana Choisy : Hawaii.
Cuscuta sidarum Liebm. : Southern Mexico to Costa Rica, Venezuela.
Cuscuta squamata Engelm. : Southern USA to northeast Mexico.
Cuscuta stenolepis Engelm. : Ecuador to Peru.
Cuscuta strobilacea Liebm. : Mexico to Central America.
Cuscuta suaveolens Ser. : Southern Brazil to southern South America.
Cuscuta suksdorfii Yunck. : Washington to California.
Cuscuta tasmanica Engelm. : Southern Australia.
Cuscuta tinctoria Mart. ex Engelm. (Syn .: Cuscuta aurea Liebm. , Cuscuta floribunda Kunth ): It occurs in four varieties in Mexico and Guatemala.
Cuscuta tuberculata Brandegee : Southern Arizona to southern New Mexico and northwestern Mexico.
Cuscuta umbellata Kunth : It occurs in two varieties from Colorado to Mexico, from Panama to northern South America, in the Caribbean, in northeastern Brazil and in Paraguay.
Cuscuta umbrosa Beyr. ex Hook. : Canada and USA.
Cuscuta vandevenderi Costea & Stefanović : Mexico.
Cuscuta veatchii Brandegee : Baja California.
Cuscuta victoriana Yunck. : Australia.
Cuscuta warneri Yunck. : Western Utah to central New Mexico.
Cuscuta werdermannii Hunz. : Chile.
Cuscuta woodsonii Yunck. : Mexico and Panama.
Cuscuta xanthochortos Mart. ex Engelm. : It occurs in four varieties from southern Brazil to northeastern Argentina.
Cuscuta yucatana Yunck. : It occurs from Mexico to Guatemala.

Further species for the time being without systematic classification

Cuscuta acutiloba Engelm. : Peru and Bolivia.
Cuscuta alata Brandegee : Northern Mexico.
Cuscuta alatiloba Yunck. : Northwest Argentina.
Cuscuta americana L .: Tropical and Sub-Tropical America.
Cuscuta andina Phil .: Chile to northwest Argentina.
Cuscuta appendiculata Engelm. : Southern Africa.
Cuscuta argentinana Yunck. : Northwest Argentina.
Cuscuta azteca Costea & Stefanović : Arizona to New Mexico and Mexico.
Cuscuta basarabica Buia : Romania and Ukraine.
Cuscuta bella Yunck. : Peru.
Cuscuta blepharolepis Welw. ex Here : Guinea and Angola.
Cuscuta boliviana Yunck. : It occurs in two varieties from Bolivia to southern Brazil and northern Argentina.
Cuscuta bonafortunae Costea & I. García : Mexico.
Cuscuta brachycalyx (Yunck.) Yunck. : Western USA.
Cuscuta bracteata Engelm. : Brazil.
Cuscuta bucharica Palib. : Central Asia.
Cuscuta callinema Butkov : Central Asia.
Cuscuta camelorum Pavlov : Kazakhstan.
Cuscuta carnosa Costea & I. García : Northeastern Mexico.
Cuscuta cassytoides Nees ex Engelm. : Ethiopia to southern Africa and Madagascar.
Cuscuta chittagongensis Sengupta, MSKhan & Huq : Bangladesh.
Cuscuta choisiana Yunck. : Mexico.
Cuscuta convallariiflora Pavlov : Central Asia.
Cuscuta dentatasquamata Yunck. : Mexico.
Cuscuta draconella Costea & Stefanović : USA.
Cuscuta durangana Yunck. : Northeastern Mexico.
Cuscuta elpassiana Pavlov : Central Asia.
Cuscuta exaltata Engelm. : Florida and Texas.
Cuscuta ferganensis Butkov : Central Asia.
Cuscuta flossdorfii Hicken : Northern Argentina. There are four varieties.
Cuscuta gennesaretana Sroëlov ex Feinbr. & S.Taub : It occurs in Palestine and in the area of Syria and Lebanon.
Cuscuta gerrardii Baker : KwaZulu-Natal.
Cuscuta gigantea handle. : Iran to Central Asia and the Himalayas. There are two varieties.
Cuscuta globosa Ridl. : Northeastern Brazil.
Cuscuta goyaziana Yunck. : Brazil.
Cuscuta hitchcockii Yunck. : Peru.
Cuscuta iguanella Costea & I. García : Mexico.
Cuscuta insolita Costea & I. García : Mexico.
Cuscuta insquamata Yunck. : It occurs in two varieties from southern Bolivia to northwestern Argentina.
Cuscuta jepsonii Yunck. : California.
Cuscuta karatavica Pavlov : Kazakhstan.
Cuscuta lacerata Yunck. : Mexico.
Cuscuta legitima Costea & Stefanović : Arizona to Kansas and northern Mexico.
Cuscuta letourneuxii trotting. : Algeria.
Cuscuta longiloba Yunck. : Paraguay.
Cuscuta lophosepala Butkov : Central Asia.
Cuscuta lucidicarpa Yunck. : Peru.
Cuscuta macrolepis R.C.Fang & SHHuang : Tibet.
Cuscuta maroccana trotting. : Morocco.
Cuscuta membranacea Yunck. : Northern Argentina.
Cuscuta mesatlantica Dobignard : Morocco.
Cuscuta mexicana Yunck. : Mexico.
Cuscuta montana Costea & Stefanović : Mexico.
Cuscuta obtusata (Engelm.) Trot. : Southern Turkey.
Cuscuta orbiculata Yunck. : Brazil.
Cuscuta ortegana Yunck. : Mexico.
Cuscuta pacifica Costea & Stefanović : It occurs in two varieties from western Canada to northwestern Mexico.
Cuscuta palustris Yunck. : Mexico.
Cuscuta pamirica Butkov : Central Asia.
Cuscuta pauciflora Phil .: Chile to southern Argentina.
Cuscuta peruviana Yunck. : Peru.
Cuscuta pusilla Phil. Ex Yunck. : Chile.
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. : It occurs in two varieties from Afghanistan to Indochina and Java.
Cuscuta rojasii Hunz. : Bolivia to Paraguay.
Cuscuta rostricarpa Yunck. : Algeria.
Cuscuta rotundiflora Hunz. : Northwest Argentina.
Cuscuta rubella Yunck. : Peru.
Cuscuta ruschanica Yunusov : Central Asia.
Cuscuta rustica Hunz. : Chile.
Cuscuta santapaui Banerji & S.Das : Nepal and Assam.
Cuscuta scandens bread. : Central Europe to the Mediterranean, tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar and Himalayas to Korea.
Cuscuta schlechteri Yunck. : Cameroon.
Cuscuta serrata Yunck. : Brazil.
Cuscuta sharmanum Mukerjee & PKBhattach. : India.
Cuscuta stenocalycina Palib. : Central Asia.
Cuscuta syrtorum Arbajeva : Central Asia.
Cuscuta file Yunck. : Central Australia.
Cuscuta timida Costea & Stefanović : Mexico.
Cuscuta timorensis Decne. ex Engelm. : Java to the Lesser Sunda Islands, New Caledonia.
Cuscuta tolteca Costea & Stefanović : Mexico and Guatemala.
Cuscuta trichostyla Engelm. : Panama and northern Brazil.
Cuscuta violacea Rajput & Syeda : Pakistan.
Cuscuta volcanica Costea & I. García : It occurs in southwest Mexico.
Cuscuta yunckeriana Hunz. : It occurs in Argentina.

history

swell

Antiquity - late antiquity: Dioscurides 1st century --- Pliny 1st century --- Galen 2nd century
Arab Middle Ages: Avicenna 11th century --- Constantine 11th century --- Circa instans 12th century --- Pseudo-Serapion 13th century --- Ibn al-Baitar 13th century
Latin Middle Ages: Cpg 558 um 1470 - 1485 --- Cpg 545 1474 --- Michael Puff 15th century --- Herbarius Moguntinus 1484 --- Garden of Health 1485 --- Hortus sanitatis 1491 --- Hieronymus Brunschwig 1500
Modern times: Hieronymus Bock 1539 --- Leonhart Fuchs 1543 --- Mattioli / Handsch / Camerarius 1586 --- Nicolas Lémery 1699/1721 --- Onomatologia medica completa 1755

Historical illustrations

Leonhart Fuchs 1543
Hieronymus Bock 1546
Mattioli / Handsch / Camerarius 1586

Individual evidence

↑ Vagn Jǿrgensen Brǿndegaard: Ethnobotany. Plants in customs, history and folk medicine. Berlin 1985 (= contributions to ethnomedicine, ethnobotany and ethnozoology , 6), p. 257
^ PF Stevens (from 2001): Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, May 2006.
↑ Ray Neyland: A phylogeny inferred from large ribosomal subunit (26S) rDNA sequences suggests that Cuscuta is a derived member of Convolvulaceae. In: Brittonia. Volume 53, No. 1, 2001, pp. 108-115, doi : 10.1007 / BF02805402 .
↑ Saša Stefanović, L. Krueger, RG Olmstead: Monophyly of the Convolvulaceae and circumscription of their major lineages based on DNA sequences of multiple chloroplast loci. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 89, No. 9, 2002, pp. 1510-1522 ( online ).
↑ ^a ^b Cuscuta in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
↑ Mihai Costea: How many species of Cuscuta are out there? . In: Digital Atlas of Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae). Retrieved December 15, 2008.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu ^gv ^gw ^gx ^gy ^gz ^ha ^hb Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cuscuta. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 22, 2018.
^ Saša Stefanović, Mihai Costea: Reticulate evolution in the parasitic genus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae): over and over again. In: Botany. Volume 86, 2008, pp. 791–808, DOI: 10.1139 / B08-033 (PDF; 1.0 MB) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.wlu.ca

↑ Miguel A. Garciá, María P. Martín: Phylogeny of Cuscuta Subgenus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) Based on nrDNA ITS and Chloroplast trnL Intron Sequences. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 32, No. 4, 2007, pp. 899-916, DOI: 10.1043 / 06-59.1 .

↑ Mihai Costea, Ignacio García Ruiz, Mark Welsh: A new species of Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) from Michoacán, Mexico. In: Brittonia. Volume 60, No. 3, 2008, pp. 235–239, DOI: 10.1007 / s12228-008-9017-0 , (PDF; 307 kB) ( Memento of the original from September 20, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was used automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wlu.ca

^ Mihai Costea, Guy L. Nesom, Saša Stefanović: Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona Complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America . In: SIDA: Contributions to Botany. Volume 22, No. 1, 2006, pp. 151-175 (online) .

↑ ^a ^b Mihai Costea, Fiona Aiston, Saša Stefanović: Species delimination, phylogenetic relationships, and two new species in the Cuscuta gracillima complex (Convolvulaceae) . In: Botany. Volume 86, No. 7, 2008, pp. 670-681 DOI: 10.1139 / B08-030 (PDF file) .

↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century: De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 468 (Book IV, Chapter 176): Epithymon (digitized)

↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century: Naturalis historia Book XXVI, Chapter XXXV (§ 55–56): Epithymum (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version ) ; Book XXVI, Chapter LXVI (§ 106): Epithymum (digitized) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )

↑ Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VI, Chapter V / 14 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XI, p. 875): Epithymum (digitized version )

↑ Avicenna , 11th century: Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 138: Cuscuta (digital copy) ; Chapter 229: Epithymum (digitized version )

↑ Constantine the African , 11th century: Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 346: Cuscuta (digital copy) ; P. 368: Epithymum (digitized version )

↑ Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, p. 192v: Cuscuta (digitized version ) ; P. 197r: Epithymum (digitized version )

^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 105r (No XXXIX): Cuscuta (digitized) ; Sheet 132r (No CCLVI): Epithymum (digital copy )

↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume I 1840, pp. 57-59: [Cuscuta epithymum] (digitized version ) Volume II 1842, p. 380-381: [Cuscuta epithymum] (digitized version )

↑ Cpg 558 , Nordbayern, around 1470–1485, sheet 26r (digitized version ) Transcription: Seÿde water is good there jin the flax change set is good for everyone seeks the livers and the lungs, which rains it vnd stercket them and drives the poses humores of everything body and drives away the addicted and drives away the urine stone and the gel-addicted person is godly outside and is good for the grief in the body and it also clears the face and is good for the women whom the mother is clogged with and the sickness does not have at the right time and vmb the navel-filled be and make full harmenn and good who has the stain

↑ Cpg 545 Nuremberg (?) 1474, sheet 117r-v (digitized version ) Transcription: silk water Item silk water is good. syden grows ym flags and has cleine white plumeria The water is good for everyone who is looking for the livers and lungs and cleans them and cleans them and drives away the poses of humor from the body and is also good for the addiction of water and is good for the disease and disease drives the stone out of the world and it is good for the grymme ym body as it is drunk and it is good for the women when the mother is cold and the sickness is not at the right time Vnd vmb the navel should be given to drink the water also makes you harp and wash your eyes and make them clear and light

↑ Michael Puff : Booklet of the burnt-out waters . 15th century print Augsburg (Johannes Bämler) 1478 (digitized)

↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part I, Chapter 42 (incorrectly referred to as Chapter 48): Cuscuta. Syde uff flaß (digitized version )

↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, chapter 92: Cuscuta. Fyltzkrut or syde (digitized version ) ; Chapter 169: Epitimum die bevels uff den cleen (digitized version )

↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 149: Cuscuta (digitized version) ; Part I, Chapter 172: Epithimum (digitized version )

^ Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distillation book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 110v – 111r: Tottern. Cuscuta (digitized version)

↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part II, Chapter 89: Silks. Viltzkraut (digitized version )

↑ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, chapter 131: Flachß seiden (digitized version )

^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 449r – v: Filtzkraut (digitized)

↑ Nicolas Lémery : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, p. 244: Cuscuta (digital copy) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 380: Cuscuta (digitized)

↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 523: Cuscuta (digitized version )

literature

Mihai Costea, Saša Stefanović: Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) . In: Bruce G. Baldwin, Douglas H. Goldman, David J. Keil, Robert Patterson, Thomas J. Rosatti (Eds.): The Jepson Manual. Vascular Plants of California. 2. revised u. extended Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif 2012, ISBN 978-0-520-25312-4 (online) .
Daniel L. Nickrent, Lytton J. Musselman: Introduction to Parasitic Flowering Plants . In: The Plant Health Instructor. 2004, doi : 10.1094 / PHI-I-2004-0330-01 .
Hans Christian Weber: Parasitism of flowering plants. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1993, ISBN 3-534-10529-X .
Hans Christian Weber: Schmarotzer: Plants that live on others. Belser, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-7630-1834-4 .

Web links

Commons : Silk ( Cuscuta ) - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Digital Atlas of Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) by Mihai Costea (Engl.)
The Parasitic Plant Connection : Convolvulaceae ( Cuscuta ) by Dan Nickrent
Description at delta intkey. (engl.)

[1] Vagn Jǿrgensen Brǿndegaard: Ethnobotany. Plants in customs, history and folk medicine. Berlin 1985 (= contributions to ethnomedicine, ethnobotany and ethnozoology , 6), p. 257

[AGPwebsite-2] PF Stevens (from 2001): Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, May 2006.

[Neyland2001-3] Ray Neyland: A phylogeny inferred from large ribosomal subunit (26S) rDNA sequences suggests that Cuscuta is a derived member of Convolvulaceae. In: Brittonia. Volume 53, No. 1, 2001, pp. 108-115, doi : 10.1007 / BF02805402 .

[Stefanovic2002-4] Saša Stefanović, L. Krueger, RG Olmstead: Monophyly of the Convolvulaceae and circumscription of their major lineages based on DNA sequences of multiple chloroplast loci. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 89, No. 9, 2002, pp. 1510-1522 ( online ).

[GRIN-5] Cuscuta in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 1, 2015.

[DigitalAtlasCuscuta-6] Mihai Costea: How many species of Cuscuta are out there? . In: Digital Atlas of Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae). Retrieved December 15, 2008.

[WCSP-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu ^gv ^gw ^gx ^gy ^gz ^ha ^hb Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cuscuta. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 22, 2018.

[Stefanovic08-8] Saša Stefanović, Mihai Costea: Reticulate evolution in the parasitic genus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae): over and over again. In: Botany. Volume 86, 2008, pp. 791–808, DOI: 10.1139 / B08-033 (PDF; 1.0 MB) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.wlu.ca

[Garcia07a-9] Miguel A. Garciá, María P. Martín: Phylogeny of Cuscuta Subgenus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) Based on nrDNA ITS and Chloroplast trnL Intron Sequences. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 32, No. 4, 2007, pp. 899-916, DOI: 10.1043 / 06-59.1 .

[Costea08-10] Mihai Costea, Ignacio García Ruiz, Mark Welsh: A new species of Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) from Michoacán, Mexico. In: Brittonia. Volume 60, No. 3, 2008, pp. 235–239, DOI: 10.1007 / s12228-008-9017-0 , (PDF; 307 kB) ( Memento of the original from September 20, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was used automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wlu.ca

[Costea06b-11] Mihai Costea, Guy L. Nesom, Saša Stefanović: Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona Complex (Convolvulaceae) in North America . In: SIDA: Contributions to Botany. Volume 22, No. 1, 2006, pp. 151-175 (online) .

[Costea08b-12] Mihai Costea, Fiona Aiston, Saša Stefanović: Species delimination, phylogenetic relationships, and two new species in the Cuscuta gracillima complex (Convolvulaceae) . In: Botany. Volume 86, No. 7, 2008, pp. 670-681 DOI: 10.1139 / B08-030 (PDF file) .

[13] Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century: De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 468 (Book IV, Chapter 176): Epithymon (digitized)

[14] Pliny the Elder , 1st century: Naturalis historia Book XXVI, Chapter XXXV (§ 55–56): Epithymum (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version ) ; Book XXVI, Chapter LXVI (§ 106): Epithymum (digitized) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )

[15] Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VI, Chapter V / 14 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XI, p. 875): Epithymum (digitized version )

[16] Avicenna , 11th century: Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 138: Cuscuta (digital copy) ; Chapter 229: Epithymum (digitized version )

[17] Constantine the African , 11th century: Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 346: Cuscuta (digital copy) ; P. 368: Epithymum (digitized version )

[18] Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, p. 192v: Cuscuta (digitized version ) ; P. 197r: Epithymum (digitized version )

[19] Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 105r (No XXXIX): Cuscuta (digitized) ; Sheet 132r (No CCLVI): Epithymum (digital copy )

[20] Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume I 1840, pp. 57-59: [Cuscuta epithymum] (digitized version ) Volume II 1842, p. 380-381: [Cuscuta epithymum] (digitized version )

[21] Cpg 558 , Nordbayern, around 1470–1485, sheet 26r (digitized version ) Transcription: Seÿde water is good there jin the flax change set is good for everyone seeks the livers and the lungs, which rains it vnd stercket them and drives the poses humores of everything body and drives away the addicted and drives away the urine stone and the gel-addicted person is godly outside and is good for the grief in the body and it also clears the face and is good for the women whom the mother is clogged with and the sickness does not have at the right time and vmb the navel-filled be and make full harmenn and good who has the stain

[22] Cpg 545 Nuremberg (?) 1474, sheet 117r-v (digitized version ) Transcription: silk water Item silk water is good. syden grows ym flags and has cleine white plumeria The water is good for everyone who is looking for the livers and lungs and cleans them and cleans them and drives away the poses of humor from the body and is also good for the addiction of water and is good for the disease and disease drives the stone out of the world and it is good for the grymme ym body as it is drunk and it is good for the women when the mother is cold and the sickness is not at the right time Vnd vmb the navel should be given to drink the water also makes you harp and wash your eyes and make them clear and light

[23] Michael Puff : Booklet of the burnt-out waters . 15th century print Augsburg (Johannes Bämler) 1478 (digitized)

[24] Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part I, Chapter 42 (incorrectly referred to as Chapter 48): Cuscuta. Syde uff flaß (digitized version )

[25] Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, chapter 92: Cuscuta. Fyltzkrut or syde (digitized version ) ; Chapter 169: Epitimum die bevels uff den cleen (digitized version )

[26] Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 149: Cuscuta (digitized version) ; Part I, Chapter 172: Epithimum (digitized version )

[27] Hieronymus Brunschwig : Small distillation book , Strasbourg 1500, sheet 110v – 111r: Tottern. Cuscuta (digitized version)

[28] Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1539, Part II, Chapter 89: Silks. Viltzkraut (digitized version )

[29] Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, chapter 131: Flachß seiden (digitized version )

[30] Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 449r – v: Filtzkraut (digitized)

[31] Nicolas Lémery : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, p. 244: Cuscuta (digital copy) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 380: Cuscuta (digitized)

[32] Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 523: Cuscuta (digitized version )