Morning glories

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Morning glories
Jalape (Ipomoea purga), illustration from Koehler 1887

Jalape ( Ipomoea purga ), illustration from Koehler 1887

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Nightshade (Solanales)
Family : Bindweed family (Convolvulaceae)
Genre : Morning glories
Scientific name
Ipomoea
L.

The Morningglory ( Ipomoea ) (also known as a superb winds) a plant genus , with about 650 kinds the most diverse genus of the family of wind plants is (Convolvulaceae). The most economically important species is the sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ).

description

Illustration of star bindweed ( Ipomoea lobata )

Vegetative characteristics

Morning glory species grow as annual to perennial herbaceous plants , shrubs or trees , mostly climbing, but occasionally also lying down or swimming. Some of the species are succulent .

The alternate leaves are usually stalked. The leaf blades are very variable and can also vary in shape and size on a plant specimen. The leaf blades can be simple, entire, lobed, divided or, rarely, compound. Occasionally, pseudo parallel leaves are formed on the petiole . There are no stipules .

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers stand individually or in groups to many in terminal or mostly lateral, simple or compound, zymous inflorescences .

The hermaphroditic flowers are usually five-fold with a double flower envelope . The usually five free or seldom fused sepals are herbaceous or almost leathery, vary in size in shape and can be hairless or hairy. The sepals are often somewhat enlarged on the fruit. The relatively small to quite large crowns are usually radial symmetry , but can rarely be slightly zygomorphic . The mostly five petals are tubular, funnel or plate-shaped fused. The crown can be purple, red, pink, white or, rarely, yellow. The coronet is weakly or rarely heavily lobed.

There is only the inner circle with mostly five free stamens . The stamens rarely rise above the crown. The stamens are thread-shaped and often triangularly widened at the base. Usually they are of different lengths. The dust bags have two counters. The spherical and prickly pollen grains are provided with pores (round to oval apertures) (pantoporate) over the entire surface. Two or rarely three carpels are a top permanent ovary grown. There is usually a full-edged or lobed disc. The ovary can be hairless or hairy, it is usually two- or four-chambered, rarely it is three-chambered. There are two ovules in each ovary chamber . The thread-like stylus is usually simple, rarely is it partly or completely divided into two parts and it usually does not protrude beyond the crown. It ends in a head-shaped scar that is not divided or divided into two (or rarely three) spherical, ellipsoidal or thread-shaped appendages.

Fruits and seeds

Fruits of stellar winds ( Ipomoea lobata )
Ripe fruits and seeds of Ipomoea transvaalensis
Hairy seeds of Ipomoea cairica

Sometimes berries or berry-like fruits are formed. Usually dry, spherical or egg-shaped capsule fruits are formed, which usually open with four (to six) flaps or, rarely, open irregularly. The fruits usually contain four, rarely six or fewer seeds. The seeds can be hairy or hairless.

ingredients

The seeds and aboveground vegetative parts of some species of morning glory contain ergot alkaloids . There are a large number of studies of different quality on the occurrence of these substances within the genus, with sometimes conflicting results. A comprehensive and precise statement about the occurrence cannot be derived from it. Out of 79 species examined, 23 species can be said with certainty that they contain ergot alkaloids; For 15 species the information to be found in the literature is contradicting or the methods on which the investigations are based are doubtful. There are no ergot alkaloids in the remaining 41 species. The occurrence of these phytochemicals in the bindweed family is only known from the tribe Ipomoeeae , and they do not occur in the sister family , the nightshade family (Solanaceae). However, ergot alkaloids have no taxonomic significance within the genus, as they occur in various sub-taxa of the genus.

The morning glory is the only genus of the family besides Evolvulus in which anthocyanins have been detected, while they are absent in the other genera examined. For example, anthocyanins have been detected in flowers, leaves, stems as well as in the roots and tubers of the sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ).

ecology

The Ipomoea species are adapted to different pollination strategies. The most common form is pollination by bees ( melittophilia ). The flowers of the species pollinated by bees are predominantly funnel-shaped and lavender-colored, violet to blue or rarely yellow. A total of at least 19 genera from four families of bees are known to be pollinators. Most of them belong to the Anthophoridae family , the genera Ancyloscelis , Cemolobus and Melitoma are even oligolectic, that is, they only visit morning glory flowers.

Pollination by birds ( ornithophilia ) is particularly widespread within the Mina section , but this form also occurs in the Exogonium section and in the Eriospermum , Jalapae and Mirandinae series , as well as in the non-classified species Ipomoea cavalcantei and Ipomoea alexandrae .

The only two records of pollination by bats ( chiropterophilia ) within the bindweed family come from the genus of morning glories. The Mexican species Ipomoea murucoides is the main food source for bats during the dry season, and Ipomoea arborescens is also frequented by various bats. Both species, like the rest of the Arborescentes series , are visited by bees and beetles ( Cantharophilia ).

Pollination by butterflies ( lepidopterophilia ) is known from the sections Exogonium and Leptocallis . Some of these species, such as Ipomoea elongata or Ipomoea suffulta , have a very unusual flower shape for the genus, which may also indicate pollination by woolly floaters ( Bombyliidae ).

Systematics and distribution

The genus Ipomoea was established by Carl von Linné . Type species is Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Synonyms for Ipomoea L. nom cons. are: Acmostemon Pilg. , Adamboe Raf. , Amphione Raf. , Apopleumon Raf. , Batatas Choisy , Bombycospermum J. Presl , Bonanox Raf. , Calboa Cav. , Calonyction Choisy , Calycanthemum Klotzsch , Cleiemera Raf. , Cleiostoma Raf. , Clitocyamos St.-Lag. , Coiladena Raf. , Convolvuloides Moench , Decaloba Raf. , Diatrema Raf. nom. rej ., Diatremis Raf. , Dimerodiscus Gagnep. , Doxema Raf. , Elythrostamna Bojer ex Desjardins , Euryloma Raf. nom. illeg., Exallosis Raf. , Exocroa Raf. , Exogonium Choisy , Fraxima Raf. , Gynoisa Raf. , Isypus Raf. , Kolofonia Raf. , Lariospermum Raf. , Latrienda Raf. , Legendrea Webb & Berthel. , Leptocallis G. Don , Macrostemma Pers. , Marcellia Mart. ex Choisy , Melascus Raf. , Milhania Neck. , Mina Cerv. , Morenoa La Llave , Modesta Raf. , Navipomoea (Roberty) Roberty , Neorthosis Raf. , Nile Med. , Ornithosperm Raf. , Parasitipomoea Hayata , Pentacrostigma K.Afzel. , Pharbitis Choisy , Plesiagopus Raf. , Quamoclit Mill. , Quamoclita Raf. , Quamoclitia Raf. orth. var., Saccia Naudin , Stomadena Raf. , Tereietra Raf. , Tirtalia Raf. , Tremasperma Raf. , Turbina Raf.

Recent research suggests that the genus Ipomoea originated in Asia in the Paleocene.

The morning glory species are particularly common in the tropics of both the Old and New World. There are fewer species in the temperate latitudes of North America and East Asia . Only two species are originally found in Europe : Ipomoea sagittata and Ipomoea imperati , both in the Mediterranean region .

The genus Ipomoea is divided into three subgenera according to Miller 1999. The subgenus Ipomoea subg. Ipomoea contains hairy, climbing plants, the flowers of which have herbaceous, hairy sepals and a two- or triple ovary and the seeds of which are downy hairy. Ipomoea subg. Eriospermum includes woody, perennial plants of different habitus, the flowers of which have leathery, hairless sepals and two-sided ovaries and the seeds of which are hairy. The representatives of the third subgenus, Ipomoea subg. Quamoclit , are hairless, climbing plants, the flowers of which have hairless sepals and two- or four-fold ovaries and the seeds are downy hairy to balding.

According to Manos 2001, phylogenetic studies show that the genus Ipomoea is strongly polyphyletic and, in a broader sense, contains the genera of the tribe Ipomoeeae . In the investigations, two clades were identified, one of which contains the genera of the previously independently managed tribe Agryreieae ( Argyreia Lour. , Stictocardia , Turbina and Rivea ) as well as the genus Lepistemon . The species of the genus Ipomoea that fall into this clade do not form a common group, but are widely dispersed among the other taxa. In the second clade, in addition to the genus Astripomoea , which is based there, there are mainly the species of the subgenus Quamoclit and Eriospermum .

The classification of the genus and the selection of the species follows Daniel Frank Austin 1979, expanded according to the additions from publications based on it, further additions and changes are identified by individual references. Information on the distribution can be found at WCSP.

Subgenus Eriospermum Section Eriospermum : Sweet Potato ( Ipomoea batatas )
Subgenus Eriospermum Section Eriospermum : Ipomoea horsfalliae
Subgenus Eriospermum Section Erpipomoea : Ipomoea imperati
Subgenus Ipomoea Pharbitis section : Ipomoea indica
Subgenus Ipomoea Pharbitis section : flower of the purple morning glory ( Ipomoea purpurea )
Subgenus Quamoclit Section Mina : Ipomoea quamoclit
Subgenus Quamoclit section Tricolores : flower of the sky-blue morning glory ( Ipomoea tricolor )
Subgenus Quamoclit : Ipomoea cairica
Subgenus Quamoclit : flowers of Ipomoea squamisepala
  • Ipomoea subgen. Eriospermum (Hallier f.) Verdc. ex Austin :
  • sect. Eriospermum Hallier f.
  • ser. Eriospermum (Hallier f.) DFAustin
  • ser. Arborescentes (Choisy) DFustin
  • ser. Batatas (Choisy) DFustin
  • ser. Bombycospermum (C. Presl) DFAustin
  • ser. Jalapae (House) DFustin
  • ser. Mirandinae D.F. Austin
  • ser. Setosae (House) DFustin
  • ser. Suffruticosae (Choisy) DFAustin
  • Within sect. Eriospermum not classified in a series:
  • sect. Acmostemon (Pilgrim) Verdcourt
  • sect. Erpipomoea Choisy
  • sect. Poliothamnus (Hall f.) Verdcourt
  • sect. Xerophyta (Baker & Rendle) DFustin
  • Subgen within. Eriospermum not classified in a section:
  • Ipomoea subgen. Ipomoea :
  • sect. Ipomoea
  • ser. Ipomoea
  • ser. Involucratae (Baker & Rendle) DFAustin
  • sect. Pharbitis (Choisy) Griseb.
  • ser. Pharbitis (Choisy) DFustin
  • ser. Heterophyllae (House) DFAustin
  • ser. Tyrianthinae (House) DFustin
  • Ipomoea subgen. Quamoclit (Moench) Clarke :
  • sect. Calonyction (Choisy) Griseb.
  • sect. Dasychaetia Hallier f.
  • sect. Exogonium (Choisy) Griseb.
  • sect. Leptocallis (G.Don) JAMcDonald
  • sect. Mina (Cerv.) Griseb.
  • sect. Orthipomoea Choisy
  • ser. Microsepalae (House) DFAustin
  • ser. Orthipomoea
  • sect. Tricolores J.A.McDonald ex DFAustin
  • within Ipomoea subgen. Quamoclit not classified in a section:
  • not classified in a subgenus within the genus Ipomoea :

use

Sweet potato tubers ( Ipomoea batatas )

The most economically important type is the sweet potato , also called batat ( Ipomoea batatas ). Water spinach ( Ipomoea aquatica ) is used as a vegetable, especially in Asian countries . Numerous morning glory species and their varieties are cultivated as ornamental plants around the world , especially the purple morning glory ( Ipomoea purpurea ) and sky blue morning glory ( Ipomoea tricolor ) in Central Europe .

Seeds of the morning glory species Ipomoea tricolor were and are known to the indigenous Mexican tribes under the name "Tlitliltzin" (in Nahuatl ) because of their medicinal (psychoactive) properties (compare the term entheogenic ) . They contain the active ingredient LSA, which is also called LA-111 . By soaking the seeds in water and consuming the resulting emulsion, hallucinogenic highs can be achieved. The seeds contain active substances with psychomimetic and hallucinogenic substances.

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Most of the information in this article has been taken from the sources given under individual references:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ipomoea at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  2. ↑ a b c d e Daniel F. Austin: Convolvulaceae. - Flora of Panama, Part IX: Family 164. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Vol 62, 1914, pp 157-224. scanned at botanicus.org .
  3. ↑ a b Eckart Eich: Solanaceae and Convolvulaceae: Secondary Metabolites Biosynthesis, Chemotaxonomy, Biological and Economic Significance (A Handbook). Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008. ISBN 978-3-540-74540-2 . doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-540-74541-9
  4. ^ A b Daniel F. Austin: Dissolution of Ipomoea Series Anisomerae (Convolvulaceae). In: Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society , Volume 124, Number 2, 1997. pp. 140-159.
  5. ↑ a b Ipomoea at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 24, 2018.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Ipomoea. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew .
  7. ↑ Gaurav Srivastava, Rakesh C. Mehrotra, David L. Dilcher: Paleocene Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) from India with implications for an East Gondwana origin of Convolvulaceae. In: PNAS. 115 (23), 2018, 6028-6033 doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1800626115 .
  8. Jump up ↑ Richard E. Miller, Mark D. Rausher, Paul S. Manos: Phylogenetic Systematics of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) based on ITS and Waxy Sequences. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 24, Issue 2, 1999, pp. 209-227.
  9. Jump up ↑ Paul S. Manos, Richard E. Miller, Paul Willson: Phylogenetic Analysis of Ipomoea, Argyreia, Stictocardia, and Turbina Suggests a Generalized Model of Morphological Evolution in Morning Glories. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 26, Issue 3, 2001, pp. 585-602.
  10. ^ Daniel F. Austin: An Infrageneric Classification for Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae). In: Taxon , Volume 28, Number 4, August 1979, pp. 359-361.
  11. ^ Daniel F. Austin and Zosimo Huaman: A Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the Americas. In: Taxon , Volume 45, Number 1, February 1996, pp. 3-38: Online. ( Memento from September 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ^ Daniel F. Austin and Rosangela Simão Bianchini: Additions and Corrections in American Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae). In: Taxon , Volume 47, Number 4, November 1998, pp. 833-838.
  13. ^ A b c Daniel F. Austin, J. Andrew McDonald: Ipomoea electrina (Convolvulaceae): A New Name for Exogonium luteum House. In: Novon , Volume 12, Issue 1, 2002. pp. 27-30 scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  14. ↑ a b c d e Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  15. ^ Henri Alain Liogier: Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjancent Islands, Spermatophyta , Volume IV: Melastomataceae to Lentibulariaceae. Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1995, ISBN 0-8477-2337-2 .
  16. ^ Maria Leonor Gonçalves: Convolvulaceae. In: Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 8, Part 1, 1987. online.
  17. ↑ Morning glory profile (PDF file; 75 kB)

further reading

  • LA Eserman et al .: Phylogenetics and diversification of morning glories (tribe Ipomoeeae, Convolvulaceae) based on whole plastome sequences. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 101, 2014, pp. 92-103.
  • RE Miller et al .: Systematics of Ipomoea subgenus Quamoclit (Convolvulaceae) based on its sequence data and a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 91, 2004, pp. 1208-1218.
  • G. Staples, P. Traiperm: Convolvulaceae. In: Flora of Thailand , Volume 10, 2010, pp. 330-468. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok.
  • RS Bianchini, PPA Ferreira: Convolvulaceae. In: Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, 2010.
  • A. Dobignard, C. Chatelain: Convolvulaceae. In: Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord , 3, 2011, pp. 331–351. Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique de la ville de Genève.
  • RW Johnson: Convolvulaceae. In: Australian Plant Census , 2012. Council of Heads of Australian Herbaria.
  • JRI Wood, MA Carine, D. Harris, P. Wilkin, B. Williams, RW Scotland: Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in Bolivia. In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 70, Issue 31, 2015, pp. 1–124.

Web links

Commons : Morning Glories ( Ipomoea )  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files