Winches

Winches
	Beautiful bindweed ( Calystegia pulchra )
Systematics
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Nightshade (Solanales)
Family :	Bindweed family (Convolvulaceae)
Genre :	Winches
Scientific name
	Calystegia
	R.Br.

The calystegia ( Calystegia ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family of wind plants (Convolvulaceae). About half of the 30 species are restricted to California , the others are widespread.

description

Right-hand helix , slope about 60 °

Blossom of the true bindweed ( Calystegia sepium ), clearly recognizable here are the two bracts encompassing the 5-fold calyx

Boundary binders are herbaceous plants that lie down or upright or twist and can reach a length of up to several meters. They form rhizomes or slightly lignify at the base. The leaves are stalked to almost sessile. The leaf blades are elongated to spear-shaped or arrow-shaped, rarely they are also foot-shaped.

The inflorescences are in the axils of foliage leaves, they consist of a single flower or little-flowered cymes . The two bracts are persistent, sepal-like and are directly below the calyx . They are egg-shaped, occasionally bulging in a sack-like shape and enclose the calyx. Only occasionally they stand away from the calyx and are awl-shaped or shaped like foliage.

The sepals are almost the same shape and remain constant on the fruit. The crown of completely fused petals is white, pink or pale yellow in color, funnel-shaped, hairless and has five distinct bands in the middle of the petals. The stamens of the same shape do not protrude beyond the crown. Their anthers give off spherical, pantoporate (provided with evenly distributed pores) and non-prickly pollen grains . The ovary is unilocular and contains four ovules . The stylus does not protrude beyond the crown and has two club-shaped scars .

The hairless, spherical capsule fruits do not open when ripe and contain four seeds. The seeds have a smooth or finely warty surface.

Systematics and distribution

The species of the genus of the fence winds ( Calystegia ) occur mainly in the temperate areas, occasionally they also reach into tropical areas. About half of the species in the genus are endemic to California .

External systematics and phylogenetics

The genus Calystegia belongs to the tribe Convolvuleae within the family Convolvulaceae . In addition to Calystegia , according to current opinion, this tribe continues to be classified as the genera of the winch ( Convolvulus ) and the genus Polymeria, which is endemic in Australia . Other species that formerly were assigned to the tribe, include the morning glory ( Ipomoea ), Jacquemontia , Evolvulus and Wilonia but showed molecular biological studies indicate that these species can not be assigned to the tribe. The genus of the bindweed ( Calystegia ) was shown to be monophyletic in the investigations , but is located within the bindweed ( Convolvulus ), which makes this genus paraphyletic .

Internal system

About 30 species are distinguished within the genus. Since many species have overlapping distribution areas and there can be transitional forms, many of these forms have also been described at the species level. Today, however, they are mostly only recognized as subspecies. The following selection of species follows Brummitt 1965 and Lewis et al. 1965, deviations are indicated by individual records:

Species of the genus Calystegia and their distribution

Calystegia binghamiae , lectotype

Calystegia collina subsp. oxyphylla

Calystegia hederacea

Calystegia malacophylla subsp. pedicellata

Beach bindweed ( Calystegia soldanella )

Calystegia stebbinsii

Calystegia affinis Endl. : It occurs only on Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island .
Calystegia atriplicifolia Hallier f. : It occurs in two subspecies from Washington to northern California :
- Calystegia atriplicifolia subsp. atriplicifolia
- Calystegia atriplicifolia subsp. buttensis Brummitt
Calystegia binghamiae (Greene) Brummitt : It used to be found in western California. The last observation is from 1902.
Calystegia brummittii P.PA Ferreira & Sim.-Bianch. : The species first described in 2013 occurs in southern Brazil .
Calystegia catesbeiana Pursh ( incl.Calystegia sericata (House) CRBell ): The two subspecies are common in the southeastern USA:
- Calystegia catesbeiana subsp. catesbeiana
- Calystegia catesbeiana subsp. sericata (House) Brummitt
Calystegia collina (Greene) Brummitt : It occurs in five subspecies in California.
Calystegia felix Provance & ACSanders : It is only found in southwestern California.
Calystegia hederacea Wall. : It is common from Afghanistan to Japan and Ethiopia .
Calystegia longipes (S. Watson) Brummitt : It is distributed from the southwest USA to Baja California ,Mexico.
Calystegia macounii (Greene) Brummitt : It is distributed from western Canada to the western USA.
Calystegia macrostegia (Greene) Brummitt : It occurs in six subspecies from California to Mexico .
Calystegia malacophylla (Greene) Munz : It occurs in two subspecies and one variety in California:
- Calystegia malacophylla var. Berryi (Eastw.) Brummitt
- Calystegia malacophylla subsp. malacophylla
- Calystegia malacophylla subsp. pedicellata (Jeps.) Munz
Calystegia marginata R. Br . : It is in Australia including Tasmania and on the North Island of New Zealand .
Calystegia occidentalis (A. Gray) Brummitt (incl. Calystegia fulcrata (A. Gray) Brummitt ): It occurs in Oregon and California in three subspecies.
Calystegia peirsonii (Abrams) Brummitt : The home is California.
Calystegia pellita G.Don : The three subspecies are distributed from Siberia to Korea .
Calystegia pubescens Lindl. (Syn .: Calystegia japonica Choisy ): It is common in China , Korea and Japan .
Beautiful bindweed ( Calystegia × pulchra Brummitt & Heywood ) = Calystegia pellita × Calystegia silvatica
Calystegia purpurata (Greene) Brummitt : The two subspecies occur in California.
True bindweed ( Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. ): It is distributed with nine subspecies in the subtropical and temperate zones of the earth.
Forest bindweed ( Calystegia silvatica Choisy , incl. Calystegia fraterniflora (Mack. & Bush) Brummitt ): Their distribution area extends from the Mediterranean to Iran and China and from Canada to the USA. With four subspecies:
- Calystegia silvatica subsp. disjuncta Brummitt : It occurs in the Mediterranean area.
- Calystegia silvatica subsp. fraterniflora (Mack. & Bush) Brummitt : It occurs in Canada and the United States.
- Calystegia silvatica subsp. orientalis Brummitt : It occurs in China.
- Calystegia silvatica subsp. silvatica : It occurs from the Mediterranean area to Iran.
Beach Winds ( Calystegia soldanella (L.) Roem. & Schult. ): It occurs on the coasts of temperate and subtropical areas.
Calystegia spithamaea (L.) Pursh : The three subspecies are distributed from Canada to the USA:
- Calystegia spithamaea subsp. purshiana (Wherry) Brummitt
- Calystegia spithamaea subsp. spithamaea
- Calystegia spithamaea subsp. stans (Michx.) Brummitt
Calystegia stebbinsii Brummitt : The home is California.
Calystegia subacaulis Hook. & Arn. : It occurs in two subspecies in California.
Calystegia tuguriorum R.Br. ex Hook. : It occurs in New Zealand, southern Chile , on the Juan Fernández Islands and Tristan da Cunha .
Calystegia vanzuukiae Brummitt & Namoff : It was first described in California in 2013.

swell

Individual evidence

^ Saša Stefanović, Daniel Austin, Richard Olmstead: Classification of Convolvulaceae: A Phylogenetic Approach. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 28, No. 4, 2003, pp. 791-806 (online).
^ Richard K. Brummitt: New Combinations in North American Calystegia . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 52, No. 2, 1965. pp. 214-216.
^ Walter H. Lewis, Royce L. Oliver: Realignment of Calystegia and Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae) . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Vol. 52, No. 2, 1965. pp. 217-222.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Calystegia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 4, 2020.
^ Richard K. Brummitt: Further New Names in the Genus Calystegia (Convolvulaceae). In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 35, No. 2, 1980. pp. 327-334, JSTOR 4114579 .
^ Richard K. Brummitt: A Remarkable New Species of Calystegia (Convolvulaceae) from California. In: Kew Bulletin. Vol. 29, No. 3, 1974. pp. 499-502, JSTOR 4107994 .

literature

Fang Rhui-cheng, Richard K. Brummitt: Calystegia. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 , pp. 286-387 (English, online ).
Richard K. Brummitt: Calystegia. In: James C. Hickman (Ed.): The Jepson Manual. Higher Plants of California . University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif 1993, ISBN 0-520-08255-9 ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Bindweed ( Calystegia ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[Stefanovic03-1] Saša Stefanović, Daniel Austin, Richard Olmstead: Classification of Convolvulaceae: A Phylogenetic Approach. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 28, No. 4, 2003, pp. 791-806 (online).

[Brummitt1965-2] Richard K. Brummitt: New Combinations in North American Calystegia . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 52, No. 2, 1965. pp. 214-216.

[Lewis1965-3] Walter H. Lewis, Royce L. Oliver: Realignment of Calystegia and Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae) . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Vol. 52, No. 2, 1965. pp. 217-222.

[WCSP-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Calystegia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 4, 2020.

[Brummit79-5] Richard K. Brummitt: Further New Names in the Genus Calystegia (Convolvulaceae). In: Kew Bulletin. Volume 35, No. 2, 1980. pp. 327-334, JSTOR 4114579 .

[Brummit74-6] Richard K. Brummitt: A Remarkable New Species of Calystegia (Convolvulaceae) from California. In: Kew Bulletin. Vol. 29, No. 3, 1974. pp. 499-502, JSTOR 4107994 .