Winches (genus)

Winches
	Bindweed ( Convolvulus arvensis )
Systematics
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Nightshade (Solanales)
Family :	Bindweed family (Convolvulaceae)
Genre :	Winches
Scientific name
	Convolvulus
	L.

The winds ( Convolvulus ) are a plant kind from the family of wind plants (Convolvulaceae). The 150 to 250 species are widespread.

description

Bindweed species are annual or perennial plants that grow as prostrate, upright or twisting herbaceous plants or as cushion-forming or upright shrubs . The stems are usually hairy with single or two-armed trichomes . The stalked or sessile leaves are simple and the leaf margin is entire or more or less lobed.

The stalked flowers are either individually or in differently shaped inflorescences in the leaf axils. The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The flower base is ring-shaped or cup-shaped. The sepals can be of the same shape or of different shapes. The middle sepal is asymmetrical, the outer half being designed like the two outer sepals, the inner half resembling the inner sepals. The sepals are permanent on the fruit, but do not enlarge. The crown is funnel-shaped or bell-shaped and can be white, blue, pink, purple or yellow in color. The coronet is slightly lobed or entire and has five more or less distinct bands in the middle of the petals. The stamens do not protrude beyond the crown and attach to the base of the crown. The stamens are flattened at the base, thread-like upwards. The pollen grains are elliptical, three or seldom four colpats and not covered with spines. The stamp does not protrude beyond the crown. The two-chamber ovary contains two each ovary chamber ovules . The thread-like stylus has two linear, cylindrical or club-shaped scars .

The two-chamber capsule fruits open fourfold or irregularly and contain one to four seeds. The black or brown seeds are often warty, hairy or rarely hairless.

Systematics

External systematics and phylogenetics

The genus Convolvulus belongs to the tribe Convolvuleae within the family of Convolvulaceae . In addition to the convolvulus , this tribe continues to be classified according to the current view, the genera of the windlass ( Calystegia ) and the genus Polymeria, which is endemic in Australia . Other species that formerly were assigned to the tribe, include the morning glory ( Ipomoea ), Jacquemontia , Evolvulus and Wilonia but showed molecular biological studies indicate that these species can not be assigned to the tribe.

The genus of the bindweed ( Calystegia ) was shown to be monophyletic in the investigations , but is located within the bindweed ( Convolvulus ), which makes this genus paraphyletic . So that the genus can be viewed as monophyletic, either the fence winches ( Calystegia ) would have to be included in the scope of the winch genus, or the genus would have to be divided into several smaller genera. These taxonomic rearrangements have not yet taken place, as more extensive investigations are required on a larger number of species.

Internal system

Within the genus Convolvulus 150 to 250 species are distinguished. Information on all recognized species and their distribution can be found at WCSP. The following selection of types follows, deviations are identified by individual evidence:

Marshmallow Morning Glory ( Convolvulus althaeoides )

Cantabrian Winds ( Convolvulus cantabrica )

Flowering bindweed ( Convolvulus floridus )

Dashed bindweed ( Convolvulus lineatus )

Olive-leaved bindweed ( Convolvulus oleifolius )

Convolvulus pentapetaloides

Creeping Winds ( Convolvulus sabatius )

Tri-colored bindweed ( Convolvulus tricolor )

Marshmallow-leaved Winds ( Convolvulus althaeoides L. ): The two subspecies are distributed from Macaronesia across the Mediterranean to Eritrea .
Convolvulus ammannii Desr. : It iswidespreadfrom Central Asia through Siberia to Korea .
Convolvulus argyrothamnos Greuter : The home is Crete .
Field bindweed ( Convolvulus arvensis L. ): It is widespread in the subtropical to the temperate areas of the Old World.
Convolvulus betonicifolius (Syn .: Convolvulus hirsutus M.Bieb. ): It is distributed from the eastern Mediterranean to Iran and isa neophytein Spain and France .
Boissier Winds ( Convolvulus boissieri Steudel ): It occurs in two subspecies in Spain and from the Balkan Peninsula to Turkey .
Convolvulus calvertii Boiss. : It occurs in two subspecies from Crimea to western Iran.
Canary Winds ( Convolvulus canariensis L. ): The home is the Canaries .
Cantabrian winds ( Convolvulus cantabrica L. ): The distribution area extends from the Mediterranean area or southern and central Europe to Iran.
Medusa head winds ( Convolvulus caput-medusae Lowe ): The home is the Canaries .
Convolvulus cneorum L .: It occurs in two varieties in the central Mediterranean area:
- Convolvulus cneorum var. Cneorum : It occurs in Sicily.
- Convolvulus cneorum var. Latifolius Rchb. : It is originally found in Italy, Sicily, Albania, Tunisia and in the former Yugoslavia.
Convolvulus crenatifolius Ruiz & Pav. (Syn .: Convolvulus montevidensis Spreng. ): It iswidespreadin the Neotropics from Mexico via Ecuador to Brazil and Argentina .
Dorycnium winch ( Convolvulus Dorycnium L. , incl. Convolvulus subhirsutus rule & Schmalh. ): It is from the Mediterranean through western Asia widespread until Central Asia.
Convolvulus elegantissimus Miller (Syn .: Convolvulus althaeoides subsp. Tenuissimus (Sm.) Batt. ): It is widespread in the Mediterranean area.
Convolvulus equitans Benth. : It is common from the USA to Mexico .
Convolvulus erinaceus Ledeb. : The range extends from Iran and Central Asia to Pakistan .
Convolvulus erubescens Sims : Home is eastern Australia .
Convolvulus farinosus L .: It is from Eritrea to southern Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula and the islands in the western Indian Ocean.
Flowering bindweed ( Convolvulus floridus L. f. ): The home is the Canaries.
Convolvulus fractosaxosus Petrie : The home is the South Island of New Zealand.
Convolvulus fruticosus Pall. : The distribution area extends from Iran to Mongolia .
Convolvulus gharbensis Batt. & Pit. : The homeland is Morocco .
Convolvulus graminetinus R.W.Johnson : The home is eastern Australia.
Convolvulus hermanniae (Syn .: Convolvulus incanus Vahl ): It iswidespreadwith two varieties in the Neotropics in central Mexico and from Bolivia , Uruguay , Paraguay to Peru and Argentina .
Convolvulus humilis Jacq. (Syn .: Convolvulus undulatus Cav. ): It is common in the Mediterranean area.
Convolvulus jefferyi Verdc. : It is common in tropical East Africa.
Convolvulus kilimanjari Engl .: It iswidespread from Ethiopia to Tanzania .
Convolvulus laciniatus Desr. (Syn .: Convolvulus montanus Oostr. ): It is widespread in South America from Brazil to southern Peru.
Convolvulus libanoticus Boiss. : It is spread from Greece , Crete via Turkey to Lebanon .
Dashed Winds ( Convolvulus lineatus L. ): The distribution area extends from the Mediterranean to Pakistan and China.
Convolvulus natalensis Bernh. : It is common in southern Africa.
Olive-leaved Winds ( Convolvulus oleifolius Desr. ): The range extends from Malta to the eastern Mediterranean.
Convolvulus ottonis Meisn. : It is common from Brazil to Uruguay.
Convolvulus oxyphyllus Boiss. : The homeland is Iraq, Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.
Convolvulus pentapetaloides L .: It occurs from the Mediterranean area to Iran.
Convolvulus pilosellifolius Desr. : The distribution area extends from the eastern Mediterranean to Central Asia and Pakistan.
Convolvulus prostratus Forssk. (Syn .: Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy ): The distribution area extends from Cape Verde to northwestern India .
Convolvulus pseudocantabrica Schrenk ex Fisch. & CAMey. : The distribution area extends from Iran to Pakistan and northwestern China.
Creeping winds ( Convolvulus sabatius Viv. ): The two subspecies are common in Italy, Sicily and northwestern Africa.
Convolvulus scammonia L .: The distribution area extends from the eastern Mediterranean area to Iraq.
Sicilian Winds ( Convolvulus siculus L. ): The two subspecies are distributed from Macaronesia across the Mediterranean to Iran, Tanzania and the Arabian Peninsula.
Convolvulus simulans L.M. Perry : It is distributed from California and Arizona to northern Mexico.
Tricolored Winds ( Convolvulus tricolor L. ): The three subspecies are distributed from Macaronesia across the Mediterranean to Mauritania .
Convolvulus valentinus Cav. (Syn .: Convolvulus suffruticosus Desf. ): It is distributed from eastern Spain and the Balearic Islands to northwestern Africa.
Convolvulus verecundus Allan : Home is the South Island of New Zealand.
Convolvulus virgatus Boiss. : The distribution area extends from the eastern Arabian Peninsula to Iran and Pakistan.
Convolvulus waitaha (Sykes) Heenan, Molloy & de Lange : Home is New Zealand.
Convolvulus xanthopotamicus J.RIWood & Scotland : The species first described in 2015 occurs in the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi and Henan.

The following are no longer included in this category:

Convolvulus mollis Burm. f. → Argyreia mollis (Burm.f.) Choisy
Convolvulus nodiflorus Desr. → Jacquemontia nodiflora (Desr.) G.Don

swell

Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b Saša Stefanović, Daniel Austin, Richard Olmstead: Classification of Convolvulaceae: A Phylogenetic Approach. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 28, No. 4, 2003, pp. 791-806, doi : 10.1043 / 02-45.1 (currently unavailable) ( online ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Convolvulus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 5, 2020.
^ Walter H. Lewis, Royce L. Oliver: Realigment of Calystegia and Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae) . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Vol. 52, No. 2, 1965, pp. 217-222, online .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Ralf Jahn, Peter Schönfelder: Excursion flora for Crete . With contributions by Alfred Mayer and Martin Scheuerer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1995, ISBN 3-8001-3478-0 .
↑ ^a ^b Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
^ Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : Kosmos Atlas Mediterranean and Canary Islands flora . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-06223-6 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d P. B. Heenan, BPJ Molloy, PJ de Lange: Species of Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae) endemic to New Zealand. In: New Zealand Journal of Botany. Volume 41, 2003, pp. 447-457.

literature

Fang Rhui-cheng, George Staples: Convolvulaceae . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 , pp. 271-325 (English).
Henri Alain Liogier: Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands. Spermatophyta-Dicotyledoneae. Vol. IV: Melastomataceae to Lentibulariaceae . Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1995, ISBN 0-8477-2337-2 , pp. 252-255, limited preview in Google Book Search.

Web links

Commons : Winden - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Winds - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[Stefanovic03-1] A ^b Saša Stefanović, Daniel Austin, Richard Olmstead: Classification of Convolvulaceae: A Phylogenetic Approach. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 28, No. 4, 2003, pp. 791-806, doi : 10.1043 / 02-45.1 (currently unavailable) ( online ).

[WCSP-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Convolvulus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 5, 2020.

[Lewis65-3] Walter H. Lewis, Royce L. Oliver: Realigment of Calystegia and Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae) . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Vol. 52, No. 2, 1965, pp. 217-222, online .

[ExkKreta-4] Ralf Jahn, Peter Schönfelder: Excursion flora for Crete . With contributions by Alfred Mayer and Martin Scheuerer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1995, ISBN 3-8001-3478-0 .

[Rothmaler5-5] Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .

[Schönfelder1994-6] Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : Kosmos Atlas Mediterranean and Canary Islands flora . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-440-06223-6 .

[Heenan03-7] P. B. Heenan, BPJ Molloy, PJ de Lange: Species of Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae) endemic to New Zealand. In: New Zealand Journal of Botany. Volume 41, 2003, pp. 447-457.