Jojoba

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Jojoba
Joshua Tree National Park - Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) .JPG

Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis )

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Simmondsiaceae
Genre : Simmondsia
Type : Jojoba
Scientific name of the  family
Simmondsiaceae
Tiegh.
Scientific name of the  genus
Simmondsia
Nutt.
Scientific name of the  species
Simmondsia chinensis
( Link ) CC cutting.

Jojoba (  [ həhoʊbə ] ) ( Simmondsia chinensis ), more precisely the jojoba , is the only kind of monotypic genus Simmondsia , the only genus of the family of Simmondsiaceae. So there is only one species in the family that belongs to the order of the carnation-like (Caryophyllales). The hard- leaved plant (sclerophyllous) is used as a useful plant. Please click to listen!Play

Origin of name and botanical history

The common name jojoba comes from the language of the Tohono O'Odham Indians, where it is pronounced "ho-ho-wi" and then called "ho-ho-ba" by the Spanish .

The jojoba seeds were first mentioned by Spanish missionaries, in 1716 by the Jesuit Luis Xavier Velarde and in 1769 in the diaries of the Franciscan Junípero Serra . The shrub and the name "jojoba" were later mentioned by the Jesuit Francisco Javier Clavijero in the book Storia Della California posthumously , Venice 1789, and thus known.

There are also many other common names wild hazelnut , pork , deer , sheep , goat nut , coffee berry (nut) , lemon leaf .

The jojoba oil was first analyzed by Léon Diguet in 1895. It was not until 1933 that the special consistency of jojoba oil was recognized, that it is a wax and also bears a striking resemblance to whale oil .

description

Illustration from Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences (1884–1886)
Flowering male plant with upright leathery leaves
Female flower with two bracts

Vegetative characteristics

Jojoba grows as an evergreen , richly branched, monopodial shrub , the height of which varies from 0.5 to 4 meters, usually 2 to 2.5 meters. In their natural environment, the bushes can live up to 200 years. It has tap roots , which can penetrate up to 10 meters into the ground. Anomalous secondary growth occurs through a concentric cambium. The light brown wood is hard. The slightly rough bark is initially pale green, later darker, light brown to gray, with spots, stripes and fissures.

The oppositely arranged, upright leaves are divided into short petioles and a leaf blade. The equifacial, xerophytic , leathery, thick, stiff, hairy (bald with age), pale green, simple leaf blade is 2 to 6 centimeters long and 1 to 2 centimeters wide, elliptical to lanceolate with a symmetrically pointed or rounded upper end and entire margins with a thick cuticle . The leaf veins are pinnate. Anomocytic (i.e. the guard cells are without defined secondary cells), sunken stomata are located in approximately the same number on both leaf sides, stipules are missing. The leaf tissue contains phenolic substances. The leaves are covered with a layer of wax which protects against perspiration . The leaves have a lifespan of one to three years, depending on the moisture conditions.

Inflorescences and flowers

Male inflorescence
Capsule fruits on the branch of a female shrub

Simmondsia chinensis is a dioecious separate sex ( diocese ) plant . But there are also specimens with hermaphrodite flowers. The sex of jojoba plants cannot be determined with morphological signs until the plants reach reproductive maturity at three or more years of age. The flowers are axillary, the flower stalks are finely hairy.

The male flowers are several (7 to 36) together in a racemose inflorescence and the female flowers are usually single, rarely in pairs, but can occasionally appear in small groups. The female flowers stand over one to four bracts which shrink during ontogeny .

The small, unisexual, radial symmetry flowers are usually five-fold (rarely four or six-fold). There are no petals. The male flowers are yellow and 3 to 4 millimeters in size. They have four to six green, finely hairy sepals . The male flowers contain two circles with mostly five (rarely four or six) free, fertile stamens with short stamens. The female flowers are small with a size of 8 to 14 millimeters, but larger than the male, and light green. They have four to six hairy sepals. The sepals of the female flowers are durable and enlarge to 10 to 20 millimeters when the fruit is ripe. Three carpels have become a top permanent initially dreifächerigen ovary grown. Each ovary compartment contains a hanging, anatropic, bitegmic ovule , later two die and there is only one compartment left. There are three free styles that end in papillary scars .

Illustration of jojoba seeds

Fruits and seeds

Egg-shaped, triple, mostly single-seeded, 2 to 4 centimeters large, with a diameter of about 1.5 centimeters, leathery, smooth, green, acorn-like capsule fruits ( scattered fruit ) are formed. They become orange-brown and wrinkled until they are mature. The capsule fruits are ripe 3 to 6 months after fertilization and open at the ventral sutures loculicidally (fissured) to release the "nut-like" seeds 1.2 to 1.5 centimeters long and 0.7 to 1.0 centimeters thick . The nut-brown, wrinkled, peanut-like seeds have a thin, very hard and firm shell. Like the leaves, they are covered with a layer of wax. The endosperm is hardly or not at all. The large, straight embryo is well developed, it includes the two memory cotyledonary ( Simmondsia chinensis is dicotyledonous ), about 50% wax, which is utilized in the germination, it can be obtained by pressing. The press cake contains approx. 30% protein. The fruits can be harvested like olives. The thousand grain mass is 400–800 grams.

ingredients

Jojoba oil

Simmondsia chinensis contains (condensed) tannins . There are calcium oxalate crystals accumulated . The embryo or the cotyledons in the seed contain cyanogenic glycosides and liquid waxes made from esters with a high molar mass between 38 and 44 carbon atoms; they are monocarboxylic acid esters made from acetic acid as storage materials. It also contains tocopherols , sterols , phospholipids , vitamin A and squalene .

The clear, yellow to brown, jojoba oil (wax) with a subtle smell does not go rancid because it does not contain triglycerides (fats) and it can be kept for up to 25 years. The melting point is around 7 ° C, so it is the only liquid natural wax. It is also highly pressure and temperature resistant. The liquid wax can also be hydrogenated to produce a hard, white, crystalline wax, similar to carnauba wax . An isomerization of the oil is also possible, here you get a thick, opaque cream. It can also be sulfonated , oxidized and chlorinated for various applications ( factice ).

Chromosome number

The haploid chromosome set consists of 13 chromosomes . Tetraploidy is present in the somatic cells of the plant , so the number of chromosomes is 4 × 13 = 52.

Analytics

The coupling of high-temperature gas chromatography with mass spectrometry can be used for reliable qualitative and quantitative determination of the ingredients . In addition, thin layer chromatography can also be used to characterize the components.

ecology

The pollination is carried on the wind ( anemophily ).

Systematics

The first description of this species was made in 1822 under the name Buxus chinensis by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in Enumeratio Plantarum: Horti regii botanici berolinensis altera 2, p. 386. Its botanical epithet chinensis goes back to an error, since a botanist erroneously determined the seeds mixed up with samples of other plant species from the Empire of China . The jojoba bush is not native to China.

The generic name Simmondsia and the name Simmondsia californica were published in 1844 by Thomas Nuttall in the London Journal of Botany , Volume 3, p. 400, plate 16. The valid name Simmondsia chinensis was published in 1907 by Camillo Karl Schneider in Illustrated Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 2, p. 141, after he had recognized the earlier confusion. So are Buxus chinensis Link and Simmondsia californica Nutt. Synonyms for Simmondsia chinensis (Link) CKSchneid. A synonym for Simmondsia Nutt. is Brocchia Mauri ex Ten.

The genus Simmondsia has long been classified in Buxaceae or as a separate family Simmondsiaceae, the Buxaceae. A separate order Simmondsiales was also established within the Hamamelididae (Takhtajan 1997). Today this monotypical genus belongs to the order of the Caryophyllales . The Simmondsiaceae family was listed in 1899 by Philippe Van Tieghem in Just's Botanical Annual Report , 25 (2), p. 422. The genus name Simmondsia honors the British botanist Thomas Williams Simmonds († 1804 in Trinidad ).

Occurrence

The jojoba bush thrives in semi-deserts and deserts . It is native to Mexico , California and Arizona in the Sonoran Desert area.

In addition to the USA , jojoba is also grown commercially in Israel , Egypt , Jordan , Argentina , Peru and Australia . Their ecological importance lies in the protection against soil erosion and the creation of a favorable microclimate .

The populated of jojoba habitats ranging from warm temperate deserts , with little or no frost on thorn forest to dry forest . The annual precipitation should be 200-1100 mm, in extreme cases be tolerated mm under 125th The best growing conditions are around 300 mm. With rainfall of around 75 mm, jojoba grows up to 1 meter high, with rainfall of 250 to 400 mm it reaches a height of up to 5 meters. The annual average temperature may be between 16 ° C and 26 ° C. Jojoba tolerates full sun and temperatures between 0 ° C and 47 ° C. In fully grown shrubs, the temperature can drop to –10 ° C, but seedlings are sensitive to frost even just below 0 ° C. The soils can have pH values ​​between 5 and 8. Jojoba usually only thrives in well-drained soils, coarse, well-ventilated desert soils that contain phosphorus. You can find them up to an altitude of 1500 meters.

Jojoba plantation with wide spaces between the rows

Cultivation

The germination capacity of jojoba seeds is 99% after half a year and 38% after 11 years if stored in the open. The best germination successes are in basic sand at temperatures of 27 to 38 ° C. Growing cuttings has the advantage that you can reproduce the exact amount of female and male specimens; the rooting time takes about 38 days.

Hedges are planted with a space of 4 to 5 meters and a distance of 2 meters between the individual plants. A fertile soil with a pH greater than 5 is ideal . At least 5% of the plants should be male to ensure pollination; for example 500 female and 50 male specimens per hectare, but with another cultivation method up to 2500 specimens per hectare can be planted. Apomictic plants are known, this would reduce the need for pollinator plants. The first yield can be achieved after 3 to 5 years, the maximum yield is 12 years.

use

The high-quality vegetable wax from jojoba seeds is used for cosmetic and industrial purposes. It contains pro vitamin A and vitamin E , cares for the skin thanks to its favorable fatty acid composition and is suitable for all skin types. It protects against dehydration without leaving a smeary film on the skin (since it is not an oil), it is slightly anti-inflammatory and has a very weak smell. It is used as a massage oil and in hair care. Jojoba oil has a natural sun protection factor of three to four and is therefore used as a base oil for sun oils. It is also often used in the manufacture of self-made cosmetics because of its positive properties. Jojoba oil is extremely stable to oxidation and helps to stabilize oil mixtures, increases the elasticity of the skin and reliably protects it against moisture loss over the long term. In addition, it behaves in emulsions as a consistency generator and co-emulsifier. Since it spreads comparatively slowly , it is particularly suitable for use in eye care products.

In industrial use, it is the starting material for many lubricants for precision instruments and the basis for care waxes for furniture and car polishes . It should be emphasized that jojoba oil is a high-quality substitute for the now banned whale oil, which was previously obtained from sperm whales .

The first commercial attempts at cultivation were made in the USA in 1943, when alternative raw material resources were sought as a result of the Second World War . Production was not able to establish itself on the market until the 1970s. Successful experiments have also been carried out, including in Arabia , with its use as an environmentally friendly fuel for diesel engines , because it is naturally sulfur-free ; only the addition of a little methanol is necessary. A commercial niche could open up here in the coming decades. Since jojoba oil is a renewable raw material, the carbon dioxide emitted during its combustion is bound by renewable plants in a sustainable economy and thus does not contribute to global warming .

The seeds were roasted and boiled by the indigenous peoples in order to obtain a buttery ointment, which was used as a medicinal and care product. The seeds were dried for times of need and also used as an anorectic . The taste of the seeds is reminiscent of hazelnuts, but is more bitter. The oil (wax) can be used as an edible oil , but is indigestible.

Another ingredient in the seeds is simmondsin , which is found throughout the plant. Seed powder with a high simmondsin content was added to foods at the beginning of 2007 and was especially touted. However, this food additive is prohibited by law across Europe. The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment advises against taking it, as the seeds have proven to be highly toxic in animal experiments.

An extract can be obtained from the leaves, which z. B. can be used as a nematicide .

More pictures

  • Capsule fruits with enlarged sepals

  • Half-opened, ripe jojoba fruit with seeds

literature

  • James A. Duke: Handbook of Energy Crops. 1983. (unpublished) Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.Schneid. at Purdue University, NewCROP - The New Crop Resource Online Program.
  • Information No. 012/2007 on jojoba. (PDF; 125 kB), at BfR - Federal Institute for Risk Assessment.
  • Frederic Rosengarten: The Book of Edible Nuts. Courier Dover Publications, 2004, ISBN 0-486-43499-0 , Jojoba Nuts at pp. 295-298. (Usage section).
  • Axel Schwab: Jojoba. A high quality vegetable oil from the desert. Ledermann-Verlag, Bad Wörishofen 1981, ISBN 3-88748-002-3 .
  • Jaime Wisniak: The Chemistry and Technology of Jojoba Oil. AOCS Press, 1987, ISBN 0-935315-17-9 .
  • Jaime Wisniak: Potential uses of jojoba oil and meal - a review. In: Industrial Crops and Products. Volume 3, Issues 1-2, 1994, pp. 43-68, doi: 10.1016 / 0926-6690 (94) 90077-9 .
  • Mohamed L. Ashour, Nahla A. Ayoub, et al. a .: Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba): A Comprehensive Pharmacognostic Study. In: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. Volume 2, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 97–120, online (PDF; 6.19 MB), from Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, accessed on April 24, 2017.
  • D. Arya, S. Khan: A Review of Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) The Desert Gold: A Multipurpose Oil Seed Crop for Industrial Uses. In: J. Pharm. Sci. Res. Volume 8, Issue 6, 2016, pp. 381–389, online (PDF; 996 kB), from Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (JPSR), accessed on April 24, 2017 (detailed analysis of the composition).

Web links

Commons : Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jean-Luc E. Cartron, Gerardo Ceballos and a .: Biodiversity, Ecosystems, and Conservation in Northern Mexico. Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-515672-2 , p. 373.
  2. ^ Howard Scott Gentry : A Desert Boxwood Still in the Desert. In: The Boxwood Bulletin. Volume 5, No. 2, 1965, pp. 32-36. online (PDF; 22.47 MB), from The American Boxwood Society, accessed April 24, 2017.
  3. ^ RK Wyllys: Padre Luis Velarde's Relation of Pimería Alta 1716. In: New Mexico Historical Review. Volume 6, Number 2, 1931, pp. 111-157.
  4. ↑ a b Emory Dean Keoke, Kay Marie Porterfield: Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World. Checkmark Books, 2003, ISBN 0-8160-4052-4 , p. 148.
  5. ^ Wade C. Sherbrooke, Edward F. Haase: Jojoba: A Wax-Producing Shrub of the Sonoran Desert; Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography. Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, (AZ) 1974, online (PDF; 2.87 MB), on hdl.handle.net, accessed on April 24, 2017. In the original, p. 54 f, archive .org .
  6. ^ Léon Diguet: Le Jojoba. In: Revue des sciences naturelles appliquées. 42, 1895, pp. 685-687. online at Gallica - BnF, accessed April 24, 2017.
  7. ^ RA Greene, EO Foster: The liquid wax of seeds of Simmondsia californica. In: Bot. Gazette. Volume 94, 1933, pp. 826-828, JSTOR 2471318 .
  8. ↑ a b c d James A. Duke: Handbook of Energy Crops. 1983. (unpublished) Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.Schneid. at Purdue University, NewCROP - The New Crop Resource Online Program.
  9. ^ Paul H. Thomson: Jojoba Handbook. 3rd edition, Bonsall Publications, 1982, ISBN 0-9602066-1-2 , p. 71.
  10. ↑ Paul-Gerhard Gülz: Chemical composition and surface structure of epicuticular waxes in various organs of jojoba. In: Reports of the German Botanical Society . Volume 99, Issue 1, 1986, pp. 89-97, doi: 10.1111 / j.1438-8677.1986.tb02949.x .
  11. ^ Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull: The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI International, 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7 , pp. 849-853.
  12. ↑ AG Ince, M. Karaca: Early determination of sex in jojoba plant by CAPS assay. In: The Journal of Agricultural Science. Volume 149, Issue 3, 2011, pp. 327-336, doi: 10.1017 / S0021859610000948 .
  13. ↑ Carl Hoeppe: Simmondsia chinensis - a plant with a future. In: The tropical farmer. 76, No. 2, 1975, pp. 36-41, online (PDF; 3.48 MB), from Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, accessed on April 22, 2017.
  14. ↑ Ernst Steinegger, Rudolf Hansel: Pharmakognosie. 5th edition. Springer, 1992, ISBN 3-662-09268-9 , p. 63.
  15. ↑ Entry on jojoba oil. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on June 16, 2014.
  16. ↑ Meganne O. Wisemanz, Ralph L. Price: Characterization of Protein Concentrates of Jojoba (Simondsia chinensis) Meal. In. Cereal Chem. 64 (2), 1986, pp. 91-93, online (PDF; 532 kB), from AACC International, accessed on April 22, 2017.
  17. ↑ Babasaheb B. Desai: Seeds Handbook. Marcel Dekker, 2004, ISBN 0-8247-4800-X , p. 228.
  18. ↑ Mohamed L. Ashour, Nahla A. Ayoub et al. a .: Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba): A Comprehensive Pharmacognostic Study. In: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. Volume 2, Issue 2, 2013, online (PDF; 6.19 MB), on phytojournal.com, accessed April 24, 2017.
  19. ^ Jojoba Chemistry Guide. ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.56 MB). at Bio SHEA, accessed on May 1, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / bioshea.com.tr
  20. ^ The family of the Simmondsiaceae (section description) in DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz ( Memento from April 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive ).
  21. ^ Sabine Krist, Gerhard Buchbauer, Carina Klausberger: Lexicon of vegetable fats and oils. Springer, 2008, ISBN 978-3-211-75606-5 , p. 180 f.
  22. ^ Arlen Frank: Chemistry of Plant Phosphorus Compounds. Elsevier, 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-407194-0 , p. 287.
  23. ↑ Sabine Krist: Lexicon of vegetable fats and oils. 2nd Edition. Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-3-7091-1004-1 , p. 304.
  24. ↑ Nasir El Bassam: Handbook of Bioenergy Crops. Earthscan, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84407-854-7 , p. 218, limited preview in Google Book Search.
  25. ↑ H. Tobe, S. Yasuda, K. Oginuma: Seed coat anatomy, karyomorphology and relationships of Simmondsia (Simmondsiaceae). In: Botanical Magazine (Tokyo). Volume 105, 1992, pp. 529-538, doi: 10.1007 / BF02489427 .
  26. ↑ A. Tada, K. Ishizuki, T. Yamazaki et al. a .: Method for the determination of natural ester-type gum bases used as food additives via direct analysis of their constituent wax esters using high-temperature GC / MS. In: Food Sci Nutr. 2 (4), 2014, pp. 417-425, PMID 25473499 .
  27. ↑ A. Tada, A. Masuda, N. Sugimoto et al. a .: Analysis of constituents of ester-type gum bases used as natural food additives. In: Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. 48 (6), 2007, pp. 179-185, (Japanese) PMID 18203503 .
  28. ↑ Frederic Rosengarten, p. 295.
  29. ↑ Nutall 1844 on biodiversitylibrary.org.
  30. ↑ Schneider1907 on biodiversitylibrary.org.
  31. ^ Howard McMinn: An Illustrated Manual of California Shrubs. University of California Press, 1939, 1951, ISBN 978-0-520-00847-2 (Reprint), p. 295.
  32. ^ Simmondsiaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  33. ^ Simmondsia chinensis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  34. ^ National Research Council: Jojoba. Books for Business, 2002, ISBN 0-89499-188-4 , p. 24.
  35. ↑ Steven J. Phillips, Patricia Wentworth Comus: A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert. University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-21980-5 , p. 257.
  36. ↑ James A. Duke: Handbook of Nuts. CRC-Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8493-3637-6 .
  37. ↑ Ernst Steinegger, Rudolf Hänsel, p. 64.
  38. ↑ Information No. 012/2007 on jojoba (PDF; 125 kB), at BfR - Federal Institute for Risk Assessment.
  39. ↑ Amira. M. Khatab and MA Seehy: Jojoba Leaf Extract Induced Nematocide Effect Upon Meloidogyne incognita. In: Alexandria Science Exchange Journal. Volume 34, No. 2, 2013, pp. 255–262 online (PDF; 415 kB), accessed on April 22, 2017.