Japanese stick sponge

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Japanese stick sponge
Japanese stick sponges in culture on a pressboard block

Japanese stick sponges in culture on a pressboard block

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Trussling relatives (Strophariaceae)
Genre : Schüpplinge ( Pholiota )
Type : Japanese stick sponge
Scientific name
Pholiota nameko
( T. Itô ) S. Ito & S. Imai

The Japanese stick sponge ( Pholiota nameko ), also known as Nameko ( Japanese 滑 子 ), Tuscany mushroom or Goldkäppchen , is a fungus belonging to the Schüpplinge genus . It lives saprobion table and is especially important as a component of Japanese cuisine .

features

Macroscopic features

The mushroom has hemispherical to domed, 3–8 cm wide, orange-brown hats with a slimy and shiny surface. The yellowish brown to ocher brown lamellae are attached to the 5–8 cm long stem and their edges are finely notched. The stem itself is yellowish to lightly colored at the tip and brownish scales below the ring. The brownish ring is slimy and does not stick for long. The whitish flesh is slightly flour-like in smell and insignificant in taste; the spore print is cinnamon brown.

Microscopic features

The hyphae have buckles ; the fungus does not have pleurocystids . The fungal spores have a size of 4–7 × 2.5–3  µm and sit in groups of four on the basidia . The mycelium of the Japanese stick sponge is heterothallic , which means that the fungus depends on fertilization by other conspecifics for reproduction.

Damage

The Japanese stick sponge causes white rot on infected wood : The wood increasingly loses color, becomes fibrous, soft and loses its compressive strength. In the final stage of decomposition, it finally takes on a spongy consistency. Characteristic here are dark lines - spatially considered demarcation layers - which appear at the edge of the infested areas and along which the fungus regulates the moisture in the wood.

Ecology and diffusion

Japanese stick sponges on dead beech wood.

The Japanese stick sponge is a saprobiontic wood dweller and originally only occurs on the East Asian islands. In Europe it can only be found in culture . The fungus primarily colonizes dead wood from oaks and beeches .

Systematics

The Japanese stick sponge is relatively isolated within the genus Pholiota . The slimy surface of the fruiting body as well as the lack of pleuro cystid and hat scales that are actually characteristic of this genus meant that the taxonomic classification of this species was controversial for a long time. The fungus was therefore often placed in sub-genera such as Hemipholiota or the genus Kuehneromyces, which is closely related to the Schüpplingen . More recent comparisons of the ribosomal DNA within the genus Pholiota revealed a close relationship between Pholiota nameko and the species P. aurivella , P. limonella and P. adiposa . No varieties are recognized for the Japanese stick sponge .

meaning

Miso soup with Japanese stick sponges

In Japan and other East Asian countries, this mushroom is a popular edible mushroom and is mainly eaten in miso soups , soba and nabemono . For this purpose the Japanese stick sponge, like other edible wood decomposers, is cultivated. Up until the first half of the 20th century, logs infected by the fungus were placed in water. This water soaked in spores was then applied to pieces of wood that had been sawn to size. This process works because the Japanese stick sponge can colonize wood that still contains living cells. Sawdust was first used as a substrate in 1931 . This method subsequently caught on and was optimized in the 1960s with the addition of wheat bran. Mushroom cultivation has a long tradition in Japan, but it is also associated with health risks. The spores of the Japanese stick sponge, if inhaled over a long period of time, can lead to chronic pneumonia , also known in Japan as the "mushroom grower's lung".

This mushroom is also increasingly being grown on a large scale in China. Production increased from one tonne of cultured mushrooms in 1986 to 172 tons in 2003. The Japanese stick sponge ranks tenth among the most cultivated mushrooms in China. In terms of consistency and taste, it doesn't match "our" stick sponge .

Web links

Commons : Japanese stick sponge ( Pholiota nameko )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

swell

literature

  • Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-440-08457-4 .
  • Ian Robert Hall: Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World . Timber Press, Portland 2003, ISBN 0-88192-586-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Paul Stamets : Mycelium running, how mushrooms can help save the world . Ten Speed ​​Press, Berkley 2005, ISBN 1-58008-579-2 , pp.  270 ( available online ).
  2. ^ Philip G. Miles, Shu-ting Chang: Mushroom biology, concise basics and current developments . In: World Scientific . Singapore 1997, ISBN 981-02-2877-5 , pp. 71 ( available online ).
  3. ↑ Teruyuki Matsumoto, Yasushi Obatake, Yukitaka Fukumasa-Nakai, Eiji Nagasawa: Phylogenetic position of Pholiota nameko in the genus Pholiota inferred from restriction analysis of ribosomal DNA . In: Mycoscience . tape 44 , no. 3 . Tokyo 2003, p. 197-202 , doi : 10.1007 / s10267-003-0109-0 .
  4. ↑ Pholiota . In: Index Fungorum . Retrieved October 17, 2009 .
  5. ↑ Tsugio Nakazawa, Takao Tochigi: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to mushroom ( Pholiota nameko ) spores . In: Chest . tape 95 , no. 5 . Northbrook 1989, p. 1149–1151 , doi : 10.1378 / chest.95.5.1149 ( chestnet.org [PDF]).
  6. ↑ Ursula Kües : Wood Production, Wood Technology, and Biotechnological Impacts . Universitätsverlag, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 3-940344-11-7 , p.  558 ( Google Books ).