Mushroom-like

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Mushroom-like
Coarse-scaly salt marsh mushroom (Agaricus bernardii)

Coarse-scaly salt marsh mushroom
( Agaricus bernardii )

Systematics
Sub-kingdom : Dikarya
Department : Stand mushrooms (Basidiomycota)
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like
Scientific name
Agaricales
Underw.

The mushroom-like (Agaricales) are an order of the large mushrooms from the subclass Agaricomycetidae within the class of Agaricomycetes . Among them are many well-known edible mushrooms as the mushrooms ( Agaricus ), the Parasol ( Macrolepiota procera ) and Shiitake ( Lentinula edodes ), but also popular toadstools as the fly agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) and the death cap mushrooms ( Amanita sect. Phalloidae ).

features

The representatives of this group form varied fruiting bodies, but most of the species are divided into hat and stem and have lamellae arranged radially around the stem on the underside of the hat , which are covered by the fruit layer. This hymenium often shows genus and species-typical characteristics, such as sterile elements ( cystidia ). The stands ( basidia ) are usually four-, sometimes two-pore. The spores are individually standing and exogenously maturing basidiospores , which can usually be actively thrown off (ballistospores).

The mushroom-like mushrooms represent the largest group of lamellar-bearing mushrooms. The order of the deaf-like (Russulales) also includes species with lamellar- bearing mushrooms - especially deafblings ( Russula ) and milkweed ( Lactarius ) - but is far less extensive. The interesting fact to be noted here is that fruiting bodies with spore-producing lamellae developed parallel and independently of one another in various fungal orders over time. An example are the already mentioned genus of the Täublings-like. Even in the order of the stalk porlings (Polyporales) there are with the leaflets ( Gloeophyllum ) mushrooms with a lamellar hymenophore. In addition, genetic studies have shown that due to the phylogenetic development, a number of non-leaf mushrooms such as Keulchen ( Clavaria ) or Boviste ( Bovista ) can be assigned to this order.

Tribal history

Genetic analyzes of today's mushroom relatives allow the conclusion that the group already existed more than 100 million years ago, i.e. at a time when dinosaurs also populated the earth. This assessment was confirmed in 2007 by the discovery of the so far oldest fossil fungus from the order of the Agaricales: The specimen discovered in Asia was enclosed in an approximately 100 million year old amber and has been preserved in the solidified tree resin to this day .

Systematics

The mushroom-like system went through three phases. Between 1821 and 1832 the Swedish botanist Elias Magnus Fries wrote the monumental work Systema mycologicum , in which he also introduced the binary nomenclature established by Linnaeus for mushrooms. In this work he presented the agaric mushrooms in the genus Agaricus . At that time, mushrooms were classified on the basis of macroscopic features, such as the color of the spore powder, which is still the basis of numerous keys today.

The second phase is characterized by Rolf Singer's monumental work The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (1951–1986). The mycologist used microscopic features to improve the Fries classification.

The third phase (from around 2000) goes hand in hand with the possibility of sequencing the DNA of fungi. This made it possible to trace the phylogenetic development of the mushrooms. A large-scale study by Matheny and other authors brought surprising results with regard to the agaricales such as the closer relationship of the helmets ( Mycena ) and dwarf balls ( Panellus ). Due to the phylogenetic investigations, the system has changed fundamentally. For example, the families of the Coprinaceae, Lycoperdaceae and Nidulariaceae disappeared. On the other hand, new families were formed. It was also noteworthy that a number of non-leaf mushrooms can now also be assigned to the Agaricales.

The following system is largely based on the "Dictionary of the Fungi" and the entries in the Fungorum Index. Accordingly, the order Agaricales contains 33 families with over 400 genera and more than 13,200 species (as of 2008) - below are the families with a selection of genera with a focus on occurrence in Europe:

literature

  • Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter, JA Stalpers: Dictionary of the Fungi . 10th ed. CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 (784 pages).
  • Rolf Singer: The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy . 4th edition. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein 1986, ISBN 3-87429-254-1 (981 pp.).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Paleontology: Champignon ancestor in amber. American scientists have discovered a fossil of a fungus in a hundred million year old amber. Bild der Wissenschaft, June 13, 2007, accessed on September 10, 2019 (based on a message in " Nature Onlinedienst , doi: 10.1038 / news070611-1 ").
  2. ↑ George O. Poinar Jr., Ron Buckley: Evidence of mycoparasitism and hypermycoparasitism in Early Cretaceous amber . In: Mycological Research . tape 111 , no. 4 , 2007, p. 503-506 , doi : 10.1016 / j.mycres.2007.02.004 .
  3. ↑ P. Brandon Matheny and Judd M. Curtis, Valérie Hofstetter, M. Catherine Aime, Jean-Marc Moncalvo, Zai-Wei Ge and Zhu-Liang Yang, Jason C. Slot, Joseph F. Ammirati, Timothy J. Baroni, Neale L. Bougher, Karen W. Hughes, D. Jean Lodge, Richard W. Kerrigan, Michelle T. Seidl, Duur K. Aanen, Matthew DeNitis, Graciela M. Daniele, Dennis E. Desjardin, Bradley R. Kropp, Lorelei L. Norvell, Andrew Parker, Else C. Vellinga, Rytas Vilgalys, David S. Hibbett: Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview . In: Mycologia . tape 98 (6) . Mycological Society of America, 2006, pp. 982-995 , doi : 10.3852 / mycologia.98.6.982 ( mycologia.org [PDF; 1.9 MB ]).
  4. ↑ Jadson JS Oliveira, Ruby Vargas-Isla, Tiara S. Cabral, Doriane P. Rodrigues, Noemia K. Ishikawa: Progress on the phylogeny of the Omphalotaceae: Gymnopus s. str., Marasmiellus s. str., Paragymnopus gen. nov. and Pusillomyces gen. nov. In: Mycological Progress . tape 18 , no. 5 , May 2019, ISSN  1617-416X , p. 713-739 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-019-01483-5 .

Web links

Commons : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files