Velvet cap
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Rust-stalked velvet cap ( Conocybe tenera ) |
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The velvet caps ( Conocybe ) are a genus of fungus from the family of the dung mushroom relatives (Bolbitiaceae) and comprise about 150 separate species. The type is the rust-stemmed velvet hood ( Conocybe tenera ). They are mostly small, helmet-like mushrooms without a velum or veil. The grown or free lamellae are more dense than in the very similar Häublingen ( Galerina ) and the spore powder is cinnamon brown to rust brown. The cap skin is a hymeniderm and the lamellar sheaths always have lecythiform cystids , pleurocystids are absent. The mostly nitrophilic saprobionts occur on lawn, pasture, in gardens or on manure, in forests they are rather rare.
features
Macroscopic features
The genus Conocybe consists predominantly of very small to small, delicate and easily breakable mushrooms. Their thin, smooth, 0.3–7 cm wide hat is conical to bell-shaped and has a whitish, yellow, light beige or ocher to rust-brown color. The brown tones shine through more when it is damp. This property is called hygrophan . The lamellae are attached to free and initially ocher and when the spores are ripe they are usually pale rust-brown in color. The blade edges are paler, often flaky and serrated to jagged. The spore powder is cinnamon to rust brown. The white to brown stalk is thin, stiff, 15 to 140 mm long and 0.5 to 12 mm wide, rarely has a 14 mm wide tuber, a velum partiale or a ring does not occur. The meat is soft and fragile and rarely colored. The taste is usually mild.
Not very typical and an exception within the genus is the handsome velvet cap ( C. intrusa ), whose compact fruiting bodies are more reminiscent of a falk.
Microscopic features
The mostly smooth spores are elliptical, almond to lemon-shaped or hexagonal and are 4.5–20 µm long and 3–10 µm wide. In the representatives of the subgenus Ochromarasmius , they also have low, round warts. The inamyloid spores are thick-walled and usually have a clear germ pore at the tip. In the two- to four-pore basidia , buckles may be formed on the base , or they may be absent. While pleurocystids are absent, the genus-characteristic cheilocystids are always present on the lamellar edges. They are called " lecythiform " because with their heads on their tips they look like the vase-like vessels in which the ancient Greeks kept their olive oil. Some mycologists also compare the cells to cone figures .
The hyphae system is monomitic, so it is only made up of similar hyphae . Depending on the species, buckles may also be present or absent on the hyphae. The cellular hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a hymeniderm or ixohymeniderm and consists of round to pear-shaped cells. The lamella trama is regular.
Generic delimitation
There is a risk of confusion with the representatives of the genera dung mushrooms ( Bolbitius ), fiber lumps , arable ones , tintlings , trumpet carvings and the sometimes highly poisonous hatchlings .
Some authors also put the species from the genus of the Glockenschüpplinge ( Pholiotina ) in the genus Conocybe , but in more recent systematics (Hausknecht & Krisai 2007 and E. Arnolds 2003) the Glockenschüpplinge are separated again as a separate genus.
Distribution and ecology
Velvet species are common in Europe , Asia, North Africa, as well as all over America , especially in the USA and Canada. They prefer to grow on grass-rich areas such as pastures, roadsides or meadows, and also on manure . Light deciduous forests also offer favorable growth conditions.
species
Strictly speaking, the genus of the Conocybe comprises almost 150 species. The delimitation of the taxa at the species level has not been conclusively clarified here. In addition, the mycologists have different views on the classification. Taking into account the varieties and forms , there are about 240 different taxa. Over 100 species and varieties are known or expected in Europe. 93 species were reported in Austria.
| Velvet hood ( Conocybe ) in Europe |
Gold velvet cap
Conocybe aurea
Pale velvet
cap Conocybe siliginea
Rounded, bulbous velvet
cap, Conocybe subovalis
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meaning
Food value
Velvet caps are considered inedible, some species are poisonous: Conocybe velutipes syn. C. kuehneriana , the mountain velvet cap , contains psychoactive alkaloids. The Samthäubling Conocybe siligineoides , which comes from Mexico and is described by R. Heim , is also suspected of containing psychoactive substances, but the relevant evidence is still pending .
ingredients
In individual species, larger amounts of the indole alkaloids psilocybin , partly psilocin and later baeocystin , which are similar to those of the related genus of the bald heads ( Psilocybe ) (cf. Psilocybe semilanceata ), were found. Phytochemical analyzes showed individual values ( blue-footed velvet cap ; Conocybe cyanopus ) in the range from 0.15 to 0.23% baeocystin and 0.73 to 1.01% psilocybin.
Individual evidence
- ^ HE Hallen, R. Watling, GC Adams: Taxonomy and Toxicity of Conocybe lactea and Related Species . In: Mycological Research . Vol .: 107 (8), 2003, pp. 969-979 .
- ^ Genus Conocybe. In: mycobank.org. Retrieved on March 5, 2012 : "Conocybe tenera"
- ↑ a b c Conocybe. In: mycokey.org. Retrieved March 6, 2012 .
- ^ A b Ian Gibson: CONOCYBE in the Pacific Northwest. In: svims.ca. Retrieved March 6, 2012 .
- ↑ a b Svengunnar Ryman, Ingmar Holmåsen: Mushrooms . Bernhard Thalacker, Braunschweig 1992, ISBN 3-87815-043-1 .
- ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 4: Mushrooms. Blattpilze II. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3281-8 , p. 306.
- ↑ White-stemmed Glockenschüppling, Büscheliger Glockenschüppling ( Pholiotina striipes ). In: natur-in-nrw.de. Retrieved March 5, 2012 .
- ↑ Fungal species of the genus Conocybe, little velvet. In: pilze.ch. 2011, accessed on March 6, 2012 : "Samthäubchen, Conocybe"
- ^ Anton Hausknecht: Contributions to the knowledge of the Bolbitiaceae 5. The Conocybe rickeniana and G magnicapitata group in Europe . In: Österreichische Mykologische Gesellschaft (Hrsg.): Austrian Journal for Pilzkunde . Vol. 8, 1999, pp. 35–61 ( biologiezentrum.at [PDF; 9.6 MB ]).
- ↑ Eric Strittmatter: The genus Conocybe . On: fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. August 6, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
- ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. Retrieved March 5, 2012 .
- ↑ Christian Rätsch: Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants. AT-Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-03800-352-6 .
- ^ RG Benedict, LR Brady, AH Smith, VE Tyler: Occurence of Psilocybin and Psilocin in certain Conocybe and Psilocybe Species. In: Lloydia . 30 (1962)
- ↑ Jochen Gartz: Fool's Sponges. Psychoactive mushrooms around the world. Nachtschattenverlag, Solothurn 1999, ISBN 3-907080-54-8 .
