Dung mushroom relatives
| Dung mushroom relatives | ||||||||||||
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Gold Dung Mushroom ( Bolbitus vitellinus ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Bolbitiaceae | ||||||||||||
| Singer |
The dung mushroom relatives ( Bolbitiaceae) are a family of mushrooms in the order of the mushroom-like (Agaricales). The species in this family grow on soil, plant debris or manure.
features
The usually quite small and sometimes very short-lived fruit bodies are agaricoid , that is, they have a centrally stalked and shiny or often hygrophan cap. They are usually brownish or yellowish in color and can sometimes turn blue to the touch. A veil is seldom present. The lamellas have grown and sometimes run down slightly or are almost free. They are brown to reddish in color. Gasteroids or secotioids and gelatinous fruiting bodies are rare exceptions. The hyphae in most species have buckles . The basidia are often short and wide and have one to four pores. Some species also have cystidia , which are mainly found on the lamellar edges, more rarely on the surface. The spore powder is colored rusty brown or tobacco brown. The basidiospores are normally actively released ( ballistospores ) and are mostly smooth and only rarely ornamented. As a rule, they have a clear germ pore.
Distribution and ecology
The family is widespread in all climates. Most species grow on the ground, on rotting plant material, or feed on manure. Some species grow in or on animal nests. Most species can be found in grassland, some are characterized by the fact that they are well adapted to drought.
Genera
The family contains 18 genera, 6 of which are represented in Europe. The most important are:
- Dung mushrooms ( Bolbitius )
- Velvet cap ( conocybe )
- Galerella ( Galerella )
- Fertilizers ( Panaeolus )
- Bell Schüpplinge ( Pholiotina )
meaning
Some species are poisonous; they can contain psilocybin , phallotoxins, and the cyclic peptide amantoxin .
source
- Rudolf Schubert, Horst Herbert Handke, Helmut Pankow: Lower plants . In: Rothmaler excursion flora from Germany . 3. Edition. tape 1 . Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich 1994, ISBN 978-3-8274-0655-2 .
