Fertilizers
Fertilizers | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Draped manure ( Panaeolus papilionaceus ) |
||||||||||||
Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Panaeolus | ||||||||||||
( Fr. ) Quél. |
Fertilizers ( Panaeolus ) are a genus of poisonous and poisonous mushroom species from the family of dung mushroom relatives (Bolbitiaceae). The genus Panaeolina differs from the genus Panaeolus by warty spores . They used to be placed among the tintling relatives .
The type is the hanging manure ( Panaeolus papilionaceus ).
features
The fruiting body is mostly brown, the hat is conical, bell-shaped to hemispherical in shape and sometimes spread out when fully grown. The stem sits centrally on the hat and, except for the ring fertilizer , has no ring . The spore powder is black, the lamellae are dark brown to black when ripe, but piebald due to the different times at which the spores are ripe.
ecology
Fertilizers always occur in grassy locations with manure deposits. Due to these location requirements, the fertilizers are widespread on pastureland in all areas where cattle are raised. They are followers of cultures whose range follows that of pasture farming.
Types (selection)
The genus includes around 15 species worldwide. 16 species occur in Europe or are to be expected there.
Fertilizers ( Panaeolus ) in Europe |
Antilles fertilizer
Panaeolus antillarumDark-edged fertilizer
Panaeolus cinctulusDrip-edged manureling
Panaeolus guttulatusDot-pored fertilizer
Panaeolus olivaceusDraped fertilizer
Panaeolus papilionaceusRinged manure
Panaeolus semiovatus
meaning
ingredients
Almost all fungi of the genus fertilizer contain serotonin , urea and tryptophan . Some species also contain the psychoactive indole alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin . Significant here are the blue fertilizer ( Panaeolus cyanescens ) with a very high alkaloid concentration , which occurs in the tropical region , and the weakly effective dark- edged fertilizer ( Panaeolus cinctulus ) native to Central Europe .
Another common species is the hanging manure ( Panaeolus papilionaceus ), but the content of the active ingredient is controversial. More recent studies indicate that the fungus is ineffective, although several chemical races of the species may exist.
Individual evidence
- ^ Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter, JA Stalpers: Dictionary of the Fungi . 10th edition. CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 (784 pages).
- ↑ Eric Strittmatter: The genus Panaeolus . In: fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. July 25, 2011, accessed August 1, 2012 .
- ^ Paul Stamets, Andrew Weil (preface): Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World . An Identification Guide. Ten Speed Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-89815-839-7 , Chapter 8, pp. 245 (256 pages).