Fertilizers

Fertilizers
Draped manure ( Panaeolus papilionaceus )
Systematics
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina Class : Agaricomycetes Subclass : Agaricomycetidae Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales) Family : Dung mushroom relatives (Bolbitiaceae) Genre : Fertilizers
Scientific name
Panaeolus
( Fr. ) Quél.

Fertilizers ( Panaeolus ) are a genus of poisonous and poisonous mushroom species from the family of dung mushroom relatives (Bolbitiaceae). The genus Panaeolina differs from the genus Panaeolus by warty spores . They used to be placed among the tintling relatives .

The type is the hanging manure ( Panaeolus papilionaceus ).

features

The fruiting body is mostly brown, the hat is conical, bell-shaped to hemispherical in shape and sometimes spread out when fully grown. The stem sits centrally on the hat and, except for the ring fertilizer , has no ring . The spore powder is black, the lamellae are dark brown to black when ripe, but piebald due to the different times at which the spores are ripe.

ecology

Fertilizers always occur in grassy locations with manure deposits. Due to these location requirements, the fertilizers are widespread on pastureland in all areas where cattle are raised. They are followers of cultures whose range follows that of pasture farming.

Types (selection)

The genus includes around 15 species worldwide. 16 species occur in Europe or are to be expected there.

Fertilizers ( Panaeolus ) in Europe

German name Scientific name Author quote Long-handled manure Panaeolus acuminatus (P. Kummer 1871) Quélet 1872 Panaeolus acuminatus var.  Cephalocystis E. Ludwig 2001 Panaeolus acuminatus var.  Quercicola Contu & Hausknecht 2003 Elk dung manure Panaeolus alcis (described as " alcidis ") MM Moser 1984 Antilles fertilizer Panaeolus antillarum (Fries 1828: Fries 1828) Dennis 1961 Panaeolus atrobalteatus Pegler & A. Henrici 1998 Two-pored fertilizer Panaeolus bisporus (Malençon & Bertault 1970) Ew. Gerhardt 1996 Dark-edged fertilizer Panaeolus cinctulus (Bolton 1791) Saccardo 1887 Blue manure Panaeolus cyanescens Saccardo 1887 Roller-pored fertilizer Panaeolus cylindrosporus E. Ludwig 2001 Dark manure Panaeolus fimicola (Persoon 1801: Frieze 1821) Quélet 1872 Drip-edged manure Panaeolus guttulatus (described as " Paneolus ") Bresadola 1883 Dot-pored manure Panaeolus olivaceus FH Møller 1945 Draped manure Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bulliard 1781: Fries 1821) Quélet 1872 Panaeolus papilionaceus var.  Parvisporus Ew. Gerhardt 1996 Panaeolus pseudoguttulatus Hausknecht & Krisai-Greilhuber 2009 Small pore fertilizer Panaeolus reticulatus Overholts 1916 Ringed manure Panaeolus semiovatus (Sowerby 1798: Fries 1821) S. Lundell & Nannfeldt 1938 Greasy manure Panaeolus semiovatus var.  Phalaenarum (Frieze 1838) Ew. Gerhardt 1996 Northern manure Panaeolus subfirmus P. Karsten 1889

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  Antilles fertilizer
  Panaeolus antillarum

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  Dark-edged fertilizer
  Panaeolus cinctulus

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  Drip-edged manureling
  Panaeolus guttulatus

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  Dot-pored fertilizer
  Panaeolus olivaceus

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  Draped fertilizer
  Panaeolus papilionaceus

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  Ringed manure
  Panaeolus semiovatus

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  Panaeolus acuminatus

meaning

ingredients

Almost all fungi of the genus fertilizer contain serotonin , urea and tryptophan . Some species also contain the psychoactive indole alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin . Significant here are the blue fertilizer ( Panaeolus cyanescens ) with a very high alkaloid concentration , which occurs in the tropical region , and the weakly effective dark- edged fertilizer ( Panaeolus cinctulus ) native to Central Europe .

Another common species is the hanging manure ( Panaeolus papilionaceus ), but the content of the active ingredient is controversial. More recent studies indicate that the fungus is ineffective, although several chemical races of the species may exist.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter, JA Stalpers: Dictionary of the Fungi . 10th edition. CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 (784 pages).
2. ↑ Eric Strittmatter: The genus Panaeolus . In: fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. July 25, 2011, accessed August 1, 2012 .  
3. ^ Paul Stamets, Andrew Weil (preface): Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World . An Identification Guide. Ten Speed ​​Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-89815-839-7 , Chapter 8, pp. 245 (256 pages).

Web links

Commons : Fertilizers ( Panaeolus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files