Oyster mushrooms

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Oyster mushrooms
Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus )

Systematics
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Lateral relatives (Pleurotaceae)
Genre : Oyster mushrooms
Scientific name
Pleurotus
( Fr. ) P. Kumm.

The oyster ( Pleurotus ) are a fungal genus of the family of Seitlingsverwandten . In the past, they were long attributed to the stem porling relatives (Polyporaceae).

features

The mushrooms are mainly short-stemmed to sessile mushrooms that have grown on the side of the substrate . The hats are shell, kidney or semicircular. The underside of the hat is formed by bright, whole-rimmed lamellas , the top of the hat is bare and not flaky. The meat has in young fruiting bodies a juicy, old soon a chewy consistency. The spore powder is white to pale clay in color.

Generic delimitation

There are also species in other types of mushrooms that form fruit bodies comparable to the mushrooms, with short or sessile stems attached to the substrate, and are sometimes also referred to by the common German name Seitling. In Central Europe, these are the panellus ( Panellus ) Shell rings ( Hohenbuehelia ) tangle Inge ( Panus ), the species designated also as oyster Pleurocybella and Phyllotopsis . The relatively large elm rasp ( Hypsizygus ulmarius ) and other wood rasp could also be confused with the mushrooms.

ecology

The species of the genus Pleurotus live as saprobionts or (weakness) parasites. Individual species can appear both as weak parasites and as saprobionts. Most of the mushrooms live on hardwoods, conifers are less common. The king oyster mushroom is an exception: it parasitizes on the roots of umbellifers . The opuntia mushroom ( Pleurotus opuntiae ) decomposes the cellulose and the vascular bundle wood of agaves and cacti. The wood-dwelling mushrooms are white rot pathogens , i. In other words , in addition to cellulose , they can also break down the wood pulp lignin .

species

The genus Pleurotus includes around 30 species worldwide. Eight species occur in Europe or are to be expected there.

Oyster mushrooms ( pleurotus ) in Europe
German name Scientific name Author quote
Veiled poplar or aspen mushroom Pleurotus calyptratus (Lindblad 1857) Saccardo 1887
Rill-stalked mushroom Pleurotus cornucopiae (Paulet 1808 ex Persoon 1828) Rolland 1910
Berindeter, ringed or oak mushroom Pleurotus dryinus (Persoon 1801: Fries 1821) P. Kummer 1871
Brown herb mushroom Pleurotus eryngii (De Candolle 1815: Fries 1821) Quélet 1872
Pale herb mushroom Pleurotus nebrodensis (Inzenga 1865) Quélet 1886
Opuntia mushroom Pleurotus opuntiae (Durieu & Léveillé 1846) Saccardo 1887
Oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacquin 1774: Fries 1821) P. Kummer 1871 ss. lat.
Formerly oyster mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus var. Praecox E. Ludwig 2001
Lung-shaped, spoon-shaped or creamy white oyster mushrooms Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fries 1821: Fries 1821) Quélet 1872

Other species are cultivated as edible mushrooms and are sometimes marketed under fantasy names:

German name Scientific name Author quote
Lemon yellow or lime mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer 1943
Abalone mushroom Pleurotus cystidiosus OK Miller 1969
Rose mushroom Pleurotus djamor (Rumphius 1750 ex Fries 1821) Boedijn 1959

meaning

ingredients

In 1951 an antibiotic substance called pleuromulin (or also called pleuromutilin ) was isolated from this fungus. Today, chemical modifications of this substance are used for various therapeutic purposes. A well-known active ingredient in drug therapy is tiamulin or tiamulin hydrogen fumarate.

Food value

Most species are considered edible and tasty, especially the oyster and king oyster mushrooms . Some mushrooms have gained economic importance as cultivable edible mushrooms because they can colonize a variety of substrates.

Origin of name

The botanical name Pleurotus is derived from the Greek pleura = the side, and the Greek us = the ear. Because the mushrooms are often ear-shaped and have a side stalk.

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literature

  • A. Bresinsky: Snow cap mushrooms - oyster mushrooms. In: Der Tintling 4/2006, pp. 8-18, ISSN  1430-595X
  • P. Albert and G. Albert: Culture mushroom king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii). In: The Tintling. 1/2007, pp. 60-61, ISSN  1430-595X
  • Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Mushrooms of Switzerland. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 3: Bolete and agaric mushrooms. Part 1: Strobilomycetaceae and Boletaceae, Paxillaceae, Gomphidiacea, Hygrophoracea, Tricholomataceae, Polyporaceae (lamellar). Mykologia, Luzern 1991, ISBN 3-85604-030-7 .
  • German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Leaf mushrooms I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 .

Individual proof

  1. ↑ Eric Strittmatter: The genus Pleurotus . In: fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. February 10, 2005, accessed August 4, 2012 .

Web links

Commons : Pleurotus  - collection of images, videos and audio files