Pale bulbs

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pale bulbs
Spindeliger Rübling (Gymnopus fusipes)

Spindeliger Rübling ( Gymnopus fusipes )

Systematics
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Omphalotaceae
Genre : Pale bulbs
Scientific name
Gymnopus
( Pers. ) Roussel

The pale blooms ( Gymnopus ) are a genus of fungi from the family of the Omphalotaceae .

The type species is the Spindelige Rübling ( Gymnopus fusipes ).

features

The type species has carrot-like, tufted fruiting bodies with a strikingly rooted stalk that often arises from a dark sclerotium .

The species of the now primarily genetically defined genus of the pale sprouts have a white or light cream-colored spore powder and fruiting bodies with a stem, hat and lamellae . The fruiting bodies are centrally stalked and turnip to vertiginous, that is, they have elastic flesh and are either somewhat fleshy in the hat and stem or have a very thin, then often dark stem and almost no hat flesh. The lamellas are free or have grown upwards.

The spores are thin-walled and neither amyloid nor dextrinoid . Even after-ripening spores do not become secondary dextrinoid, as can be the case in the closely related genus of the rosebush ( Rhodocollybia ). The hyphae of the cap skin can be gnarled or branched.

species

The genus was previously understood in a broad sense and included around 300 species worldwide. It turned out, however, that the genus of the pale sprout is polyphyletic, whereupon it was separated into several smaller genera.

European species of pale sprouts in the narrow sense ( Gymnopus s. Str.), Which are genetically classified as correct, are:


Ecology and importance

Most species of the pale sprout live as saprobionts in the leaf and needle litter. The spindle- shaped ruff ( Gymnopus fusipes ) is possibly a parasite on the roots of various deciduous trees, preferably on oaks , but can also live saprobically on dead roots. The group of species around the common forest friend rübling ( Gymnopus dryophilus sl) are considered edible.

Systematics and narrowing of the genus

Genetic studies have shown that, despite the similarity of some species with representatives of the vertebrate species (genus Marasmius , family of vertigo relatives ) , the pale sprouts are more closely related to the genus Omphalotus and therefore belong to the family of the Omphalotaceae .

The previously broad genus of the pale root turned out to be polyphyletic. For this reason, almost 30 species were removed from the genus and transferred to the genera Connopus , Gymnopanella , Marasmiellus , Paragymnopus and Pusillomyces , and almost 30 species were confirmed as belonging to the pale root in the narrow sense. The many other species that have hitherto been included in the genus of the pale sprout still require genetic confirmation of their genus affiliation.

The following European species have been transferred from the genus of the pale sprout into other genera:

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Vladimír Antonín, Machiel E. Noordeloos : A monograph of Marasmius, Collybia and related genera in Europe. Part 2: Collybia, Gymnopus, Rhodocollybia, Crinipellis, Chaetocalathus, and additions to Marasmiellus. (= Libri Botanici. Vol. 17). IHW-Verlag, Eching 1997, ISBN 3-930167-25-5 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Jadson JS Oliveira, Ruby Vargas-Isla, Tiara S. Cabral, Doriane P. Rodrigues, Noemia K. Ishikawa: Progress on the phylogeny of the Omphalotaceae: Gymnopus s. str., Marasmiellus s. str., Paragymnopus gen. nov. and Pusillomyces gen. nov. In: Mycological Progress . tape 18 , no. 5 , May 2019, ISSN  1617-416X , p. 713-739 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-019-01483-5 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Vladimír Antonín, Machiel E. Noordeloos: A monograph of marasmioid and collybioid fungi in Europe . IHW-Verlag, Eching, Germany 2010, ISBN 978-3-930167-72-2 , p. 1-479 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e Juan Lois Mata, Karen W. Hughes & Ronald H. Petersen: An investigation of / omphalotaceae (Fungi: Euagarics) with emphasis on the genus Gymnopus . In: Sydowia . tape 20 , 2006, pp. 191-289 .
  5. ↑ Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter, Joost A. Stalpers (Eds.): Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi . 10th edition. CABI Europe, Wallingford 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 .
  6. ↑ Edmund Michael, Bruno Hennig, Hanns Kreisel: The most important and most common mushrooms with special consideration of the poisonous mushrooms . In: Handbook for mushroom lovers . 5th, revised. Edition volume 1 . Fischer, Jena 1983, ISBN 3-437-30436-4 .
  7. ^ Karen W. Hughes, David A. Mather, Ronald H. Petersen: A new genus to accommodate Gymnopus acervatus (Agaricales) . In: Mycologia . tape 102 , no. 6 , November 2010, ISSN  0027-5514 , p. 1463-1478 , doi : 10.3852 / 09-318 .

Web links

Commons : Blasssporrüblinge ( Gymnopus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files