Common forest friend Rübling

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Common forest friend Rübling
Collybia dryophila 20061001w.jpg

Common Forest Friend Rübling ( Gymnopus dryophilus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Omphalotaceae
Genre : Pale Turnip ( Gymnopus )
Type : Common forest friend Rübling
Scientific name
Gymnopus dryophilus
( Bull  .: Fr. ) Murrill

The Common Forest Friend Rübling ( Gymnopus dryophilus , syn. Collybia dryophila ), also known for short as Forest Friend or Common Rübling , is a species of fungus from the Omphalotaceae family . The common species can be found in Central Europe from spring to autumn in deciduous and coniferous forests.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 2–6 cm wide. The color is strongly dependent on the water content ( hygrophanity ): When wet, it is yellow to chestnut brown and with a dark center and a light edge in old age. When dry it is cream-colored, occasionally whitish. It is initially arched and widens with age until it is flat or slightly cup-shaped. The edge of the hat is initially sharp and grooved when it is wet, then wavy with age. The hat surface is smooth and bare, a little greasy in damp weather. The narrow lamellae are initially white, later a little cream-colored. They reach to the stem, but are not overgrown there. The leaves are crowded and narrow.

The slender, cylindrical stem is 2–8 cm high and has a diameter of 2–6 mm. It is often compressed or slightly swollen at the base. The color is similar to that of the hat, but is lighter at the tip and tinted darker orange-brown towards the base. The surface is smooth and bare. The basal felt is whitish, sometimes also slightly dirty pink in color. The flesh is pale and watery. It has a weak smell, sometimes pleasantly sour like fresh wood and tastes mild.

The fruiting bodies of the common forest friend's turnip and related species can come back to life after they have shrunk in dry conditions in damp weather.

Microscopic features

The 4–7 × 2–4 micrometer large spores are smooth and elliptical or slightly teardrop-shaped, hyaline , inamyloid . The basidia are 4-spore. The cheilo cystidia are irregularly shaped and have broad outgrowths, which are mainly located at the upper end of the cystidia.

Species delimitation

The externally similar toxic Striegelige Rübling ( Gymnopus hariolorum ) is significantly different based on the smell of rotting cabbages and out through a strongly felt-like to the base stem. It is particularly difficult to define the close family members, in which u. a. the light-headed forest friend rubble ( G. aquosus ) and the yellow-leaved forest friend rubble ( G. ocior ) are located. The former is distinguished by a paler hat and an ocher-pink basal felt. Its cheilo cystidia rarely show any outgrowths. The yellow-leaved Waldfreund-Rübling has a more chestnut brown hat, often - but not always - yellow lamellas and a whitish or yellowish basal felt. The cheilocystids have one or more finger-shaped growths at the upper end. Due to numerous transitions also in the microscopic characteristics, however, it is disputed whether these are separate species or just varieties of a species, see the section Systematics and Taxonomy .

Ecology and phenology

The common forest friend Rübling can be found in almost all deciduous and coniferous forests in Central Europe. Red beech forests are particularly preferred . It is also found mainly in mixed forests with oaks , hornbeams , maples and other deciduous trees. In conifer populations, the fungus is particularly widespread in spruce forests and forests. Saprobiont lives mainly in forest floors, but sometimes also attacks wood.

The fruiting bodies appear individually to in bulk, distributed to tufted from the litter layer on the forest floor. They are formed from May to early November. Individual specimens can survive into the next year.

distribution

The common forest friend ruff is widespread in the Holarctic , in South America (Venezuela) and Australia, possibly also cosmopolitan . In the Holarctic it is mainly found meridional to boreal . Thus, the mushroom can be found in North America, Europe and the Canary Islands , in North Africa (Morocco) and Asia. In North America, the area in the USA and Canada extends northward to Alaska and Greenland . In Asia, evidence can be found in Asia Minor , in the Caucasus , in Israel, in Siberia , on Kamchatka as well as in Korea and Japan.

In Europe, the area of the UK, ranging Benelux -countries and France in the west to Estonia, Belarus and Russia to the east, south to Spain, Italy, Macedonia, Bulgaria and the peninsula of Crimea and north to Iceland and Fennoscandia . There the finds reach far beyond the Arctic Circle . In Germany, the species is common everywhere from the coasts to the Alps .

Systematics and taxonomy

The official scientific first description of the species was made by Jean Baptiste Francois Bulliard in his work "Herbier de la France" published in 1821 as Agaricus dryophilus . The species epithet somewhat erroneously describes the species as “oak-loving”. However, only the reference to this species description by Elias Magnus Fries in his first volume of his “Systema mycologicum”, published in 1821, led to the scientific recognition of the new species . The assignment made by Paul Kummer in his "Guide to Mushroom Science" published in 1871 to the genus of dwarfs ( Collybia ) enjoyed long recognition. At the moment, science still follows the classification proposed by William Alphonso Murrill in 1916, who used the species as a type species for a newly introduced genus.

With Gymnopus aquosus , Gymnopus ocior u. a. there may be other, closely related species. It is debated whether it is actually a complex of several species or just variations of Gymnopus dryophilus . Transitions are repeatedly observed between the properties that are occasionally used to differentiate. The shape of the Cheilo is often seen as relatively safe feature Zystiden specified. However, not all individuals can be assigned with this either.

meaning

ecology

Due to the great tolerance to soil conditions ( Euryökie ) and being able to break down both leaf and needle litter, it is of great importance in the material cycle of the forest. It is able to break down cellulose as well as lignin .

ingredients

Beta-glucans were detected in the fruit bodies . They strongly inhibit the production of nitric oxide in the body and thus promise a good anti-inflammatory effect. The compound that was specifically found in the common forest friend Rübling is also known as Collybia dryophila polysaccharide (CDP).

Food value

It is edible, but is of little importance as an edible mushroom because it is not very tasty and hardly productive. It should only be enjoyed thoroughly cooked and should be avoided entirely by sensitive people. The tougher stem part is considered to be particularly unattractive for food purposes.

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jadson JS Oliveira, Ruby Vargas-Isla, Tiara S. Cabral, Doriane P. Rodrigues, Noemia K. Ishikawa: Progress on the phylogeny of the Omphalotaceae: Gymnopus s. str., Marasmiellus s. str., Paragymnopus gen. nov. and Pusillomyces gen. nov. In: Mycological Progress . tape 18 , no. 5 , May 2019, ISSN  1617-416X , p. 713-739 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-019-01483-5 .
  2. ↑ a b Gminder et al .: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg. P. 206.
  3. ↑ Andreas Gminder: Handbook for mushroom friends . Identify 340 species of Central Europe with certainty. 1st edition. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-440-11472-8 , p. 146 .
  4. ^ A b Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide . All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co., Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-440-12408-6 , p. 184 .
  5. ^ Gminder et al .: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg. P. 205.
  6. ^ Gminder et al .: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg. P. 208.
  7. ↑ TW May, J. Milne, AE Wood, S. Shingles, RH Jones & P. ​​Neish: Interactive Catalog of Australian Fungi. Version 2.0. , Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra / Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, 2008, rbg.vic.gov.au ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Accessed May 15, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rbg.vic.gov.au
  8. ^ Jean Baptiste Francois Bulliard: Herbier de la France. 10, 1790, plate 434.
  9. ^ Elias Magnus Fries, 1821: Systema mycologicum. Volume I, p. 124 f.
  10. ^ Roy E. Halling: A revision of Collybia sl in the northeastern United States & adjacent Canada , Revised electronic edition , nybg.org , accessed October 17, 2008.
  11. ↑ Rytas Vilgalys: Speciation and Species Concepts in the Collybia dryophila Complex . In: Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 83 , 6, November / December, 1991, pp. 758-773 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  12. ↑ Rytas Vilgalys, Orson K. Miller, Jr .: Biological species in the Collybia dryophila Group in North America . In: Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 75 , 4, July / August, 1983, pp. 707-722 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  13. ↑ Günter Saar: How many forest friends are there? (PDF; 79 kB). In: Der Tintling 1996/3.
  14. ^ Gminder et al .: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg. P. 207.
  15. ^ A b Jürgen Guthmann, Christoph Hahn, Rainer Reichel: Pocket dictionary of mushrooms in Germany. A competent companion for the most important species . 1st edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01449-4 , p. 223 .
  16. ↑ a b c Maribel Pacheco-Sanchez, Yvan Boutin, Paul Angers, André Gosselin, Russell J. Tweddell: A bioactive (1 → 3) -, (1 → 4) -β- D-glucan from Collybia dryophila and other mushrooms . In: The Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 98 , 2, March / April, 2006, pp. 180-185 , doi : 10.3852 / mycologia.98.2.180 (English, mycologia.org ).
  17. ^ Brian Spooner: Mushrooms of Central Europe. Munich 1999, ISBN 3-576-11347-9 , p. 35.

Web links

Commons : Gemeiner Waldfreund-Rübling ( Gymnopus dryophilus )  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files