Amanita
| Amanita | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amanita phalloides ( Amanita phalloides ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Amanita | ||||||||||||
| Pers. |
The amanita ( Amanita ) are a big mushroom species from the family of Wulstlingsverwandten (Amanitaceae). This also includes the species groups that are referred to in German as Kaiserlinge , Knollen ampilze and Scheidenstreiflinge . Around 100 species, varieties and forms occur or are to be expected in Europe. Some species such as the pearl mushroom and the orange-yellow vaginal striped mushroom are considered good edible mushrooms . A number of species, on the other hand, are poisonous , including the green cap mushroom , the panther mushroom and the fly agaric . The latter mushroom is the type species of the genus.
etymology
The origin of the word Amanita is not clear. Helmut Genaust suspects a derivation from the Greek Amanos, the coastal mountains on the Gulf of Iskenderun, as a name for the origin.
features
The species of the genus Amanita are usually medium-sized, (mostly) centrally-stalked agarics with free or almost free, mostly white, less often yellowish to yellow, crowded lamellae. The hat and stem are usually easy to separate. The brim of the hat is not rolled up, it can be grooved or not.
The amanitae have a velum universale , which can be detected on the ripe fruiting bodies as a sheath or hat scales. The hat scales are not oriented radially, but appear randomly distributed. The velum partiale remains in ripe fruit bodies as a membranous, grooved or smooth ring (cuff). Amanitopsis (streiflinge or vaginal strips) is missing in the group, then the stalk arises from a distinct, membranous volva (sheath), or there are flaky remnants of the volva. The stem can be cylindrical, club-like or bulbous, or it can arise from a membranous sheath. Many species of the genus have brightly colored hats, but white and brownish forms also occur.
The trama of the lamellas is bilateral. The spore powder is white, rarely greenish; the spores are broadly ellipsoidal to spherical, smooth, colorless and have no germ pore. They can be amyloid (can be stained with iodine reagents) or inamyloid. The smell is mostly inconspicuous, but can also be sweetish-honey-like or dull like potato sprouts. Taste tests are forbidden with this genus, as some very poisonous species can lead to health damage even in very small quantities.
ecology
The species of the genus Amanita are ground-dwelling ecto mycorrhizal formers with various deciduous and coniferous trees or dwarf shrubs. Accordingly, they inhabit habitats in which the mycorrhizal partners of the respective species are present.
distribution
The genus is widespread around the world, individual species were carried away with their associated tree species. The range of species can already differ greatly within Europe (Mediterranean area, Eastern Europe). This sometimes leads to dangerous mix-ups by non-resident edible mushroom collectors, because the genus contains very poisonous species and popular edible mushrooms.
species
The following species occur in Europe or are to be expected there.
| Amanita ( Amanita ) in Europe |
Systematics
The genus comprises around 500 species, the delimitation of the individual species from one another and the division of the genus into sub-genera and sections is presented differently in the literature, and the number of species specified fluctuates accordingly. The position of the Streiflinge (ringless species) is handled differently, while they were sometimes placed in their own genus Amanitopsis , they are considered in modern literature as section Vaginatae of the subgenus Amanita .
A distinction is usually made between the following sub-genera:
Subgenus Amanita
Species with non-amyloid spores and mostly grooved or ribbed brim.
This sub-genus is divided into the sections:
Section Amanita ( Amanita ): with ring, this may, however, be volatile in some species, and bulbous, sometimes even with significantly margined bulbous stem base without actual volva. At the base of the handle, there are warty or flaky, wipeable velum residues, which are also found on the hat in the same way. These can be rubbed in powder between your fingers. This form of distribution occurs because the Velum universale rips open all around. This section includes: a .:
- Isabel-colored amanita ( A. eliae )
- Daffodil yellow amanita ( A. gemmata )
- Fly agaric or red fly agaric ( A. muscaria ), the type species of the genus
- Panther mushroom ( A. pantherina )
- King's fly agaric or brown fly agaric ( A. regalis )
Section Caesareae ( Kaiserlinge ): with a grooved edge of the hat, a Velum universale rising up in the form of a volva and a ring, so this section stands between the sections Vaginate (Streiflinge) and Amanita (Amanita (Amanita). Typical representative is the
- Kaiserling ( A. caesarea )
Section Vaginatae ( vaginal stripes ): always with a grooved hat rim and a cylindrical stem that is stuck in a coarse, leathery or powdery, ephemeral volva. There is no velum partiale and thus a ring, the trivial name Scheidenstreiflinge, which is sometimes used, refers to the two characteristic features. Velum remnants can remain on the hat. This section includes: a. :
- Giant vaginal striated ( A. ceciliae )
- Orange-yellow vaginal striated ( A. crocea )
- Red-brown vaginal striated ( A. fulva )
- Ocher-gray giant vaginal striped ( A. lividopallescens )
- Gray-skinned vaginal striated ( A. submembranacea )
- Bicoloured vaginal striated ( A. umbrinolutea )
- Gray vaginal striated ( A. vaginata )
Subgenus Lepidella
This sub-genus is characterized by amyloid spores (which can be dyed with iodine reagent), a usually not grooved edge of the hat, a ring on the stem and flaky, warty or clod-shaped remains of the Velum universale on the hat.
This sub-genus is divided into up to 4 sections:
Section Lepidella : is probably the most original group of the genus. The species of the genus have a hat brim that is always heavily draped with rags of velum when young. The very volatile velum , which can be wiped off the skin of the hat, contains many spaerocytes and only a few thread-like hyphae; it can be ground to a very fine powder between the fingers. The ring of this species is also very fleeting, the base of the stem is bulging, bulbous or rooted like an onion, there is no volva. The species in this section are usually more or less brightly colored. This section includes: a .:
- Hedgehog amanita ( A. echinocephala )
- Delicate amanita ( A. gracilior )
- Fringed amanita ( A. strobiliformis )
Amidella section : with the hat rim also hung, but much more permanent, as the velum consists of intertwined hyphae. The stem base is in a coarse, permanent volva, the stem is usually cylindrical and not bulbous. The lamellae and velum of some species of this section brown or blacken when drying or lying. There are only a few representatives of this section in Central Europe:
- Real egg amanita ( A. ovoidea )
- Ocher-sheathed egg amanita ( A. proxima )
Section Phalloidae ( cap mushrooms ): this section, which contains the most poisonous representatives of the genus, is characterized by a stable, sack-like and permanent volva, in which the cylindrical stem with a tuber is stuck. Remnants of the velum are mostly missing on the hat surface. When they are present, they are thick, clod-shaped, and isolated. Important types of this section are:
- Capsicum mushroom ( A. phalloides )
- Spring death cap mushroom ( A. verna )
- Cone-capped death cap mushroom ( A. virosa )
Section Validea : This section includes species with a mostly well-edged, bulbous stem base in which the Velum universale on the hat and at the stem base has fine to coarse, regular or irregular clods, warts or flakes that can be crumbled or powdered with the fingers. The hat color can be white, pink, yellow, ocher or brown. A volva is usually missing.
- Yellow cap mushroom ( A. citrina ),
- Gray amanita ( A. excelsa )
- Rough or yellow-flaky amanita ( A. franchetii )
- Porphyry brown amanita ( A. porphyria )
- Pearl mushroom ( A. rubescens )
meaning
The species of the Amanita genus are of great ecological importance as mycorrhizal partners of various tree species. In Central Europe, spruce, birch, oak and beech are associated with species of this genus. Some Amanita species, such as the Kaiserling, which is protected in Germany, and the pearl mushroom are popular edible mushrooms. The genus includes a number of very dangerous, potentially deadly, poisonous mushrooms, the tuber cap mushrooms.
Poisons
The poisonous species of the genus contain various poisons.
The death cap species mainly contain toxic, cyclic peptides with seven or eight amino acids.
- Phalloidin the main representative of Phallotoxine acts through the inhibition of the depolymerization of cellular actin - filaments , which the cell motility and functions of the cytoskeleton hindered. In the case of the death cap, fresh material contains around 20 to 60 milligrams of phallotoxins per 100 grams of mushroom mass.
- Virotaxins are cyclic, toxic peptides consisting of seven amino acids that are found in the cone- capped death cap mushroom; their effects are similar to phalloidin.
- Amanitins (amatoxins) work in the cell nucleus , where they inhibit the action of RNA polymerase II, an enzyme that isrequiredfor transcription , so that the cell dies. These substances cause the hepatotoxic effects of the leaf cape mushroom. For an adult human being, about 0.1 mg / kg body weight is considered fatal; this amount is contained in about 5 to 50 grams of fresh material of the leaf cap mushroom. These substances are mainly responsible for the poisonous effects of the death cap mushrooms.
The death cap mushrooms cause the phalloids syndrome, which begins with vomiting diarrhea after a latency period of around 8 to 12 hours (less often 2 to 7 or up to 36 hours) after eating the mushrooms. After about 24 hours, the patient often calms down, but this is only a sign of recovery in the case of light poisoning; in more severe cases, liver damage occurs, which can lead to death after 4 to 16 (usually 8) days.
The fly agaric, panther mushroom and daffodil yellow amanita mainly contain ibotenic acid and muscimol (pantherin), which cause the pantherina or fly agaric syndrome. After a latency period of 15 minutes to 2 (4) hours, drowsiness, intoxication, dizziness, excitement and hallucinations can occur, as well as anticholinergic and cholinergic symptoms. Lighter poisoning will soon subside, fatal poisoning is rare. The daffodil yellow amanita seems to have races or forms with different levels of toxicity; in some areas it is collected as an edible mushroom. The muscarinic content of the fly agaric is insignificant.
The yellow cap mushroom ( Amanita citrina ) contains bufotenin , which is destroyed during cooking, and is therefore particularly poisonous when raw. Due to its unpleasant aroma and the risk of confusion with poisonous species, it is out of the question as a mushroom.
swell
literature
- Rita Lüder: Basic course mushroom determination . Quelle & Meyer, Wibelsheim 2007, ISBN 3-494-01341-1 .
- Marcel Bon: Parey's book of mushrooms: over 1500 mushrooms in Europe . Translated from the English by Till R. Lohmeyer. Paul Parey, Hamburg / Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-490-19818-2 .
- René Flammer, Egon Horak : Poison mushrooms - mushroom poisons . Schwabe, Basel 2003, ISBN 3-7965-2008-1 .
- Egon Horak , Meinhard Moser : Boletus and leaf mushrooms in Europe . 6th completely revised edition. Spectrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1478-4 .
- Achim Bollmann, Andreas Gminder , Peter Reil: List of illustrations of large European mushrooms. 4th edition, with CD of the genre. Black Forest Mushroom Teaching Show, Hornberg 2007, ISSN 0932-920X .
- Heinrich Dörfelt , Gottfried Jetschke (Ed.): Dictionary of mycology. 2nd Edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8274-0920-9 .
- Karin Monday: About clods, polka dots and fringes. Der Tintling , issue 2/2007, ISSN 1430-595X , p. 4.
- Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Mushrooms of Switzerland. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 4: Agarics. Part 2: Entolomataceae, Pluteaceae, Amanitaceae, Agaricaceae, Coprinaceae, Bolbitiaceae, Strophariaceae. Mykologia, Luzern 1995, ISBN 3-85604-040-4 .
- Theodor Wieland : Amatoxins, phallotoxins - the poisons of the death cap mushroom. Chemistry in our time, 13th year 1979, ISSN 0009-2851 , No. 2, pp. 56-63.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 , p. 54.
- ↑ Eric Strittmatter: The genus Amanita . In: fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. July 11, 2008, accessed August 3, 2012 .
