Cone-capped death cap mushroom

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Cone-capped death cap mushroom
2006-08 Amanita virosa crop.jpg

Amanita virosa ( Amanita virosa )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Amanitaceae relatives
Genre : Wulstlinge ( Amanita )
Type : Cone-capped death cap mushroom
Scientific name
Amanita virosa
( Fr. ) Bertill.

The cone-capped or pointed-capped death cap mushroom ( Amanita virosa ) is a poisonous type of mushroom from the amanita relatives . The term “ white capillary mushroom ” is ambiguous because this name is also used for two other generic representatives.

features

The cap of the cone- cap mushroom reaches a diameter of 5–15 cm and is acutely conical in the young fruiting body , later more or less spread out but always remains somewhat conical, from which the German name is derived. Very rarely it spreads out almost flat, in its middle it is usually hunched. The hat skin is white to pale yellow with a brownish color in the middle. It has a silky shine and can be pulled off like a pizza slice. The brim of the hat is wavy. The free lamellae are pure white, close-fitting and soft, the spore powder is also white, the spores are rounded. The 8–12 cm long and 1–2 cm thick stem is white to off-white and flocked, often scaly and fibrous in structure when young. The onion-like thickened stem base is in a 1–2-lobed, tight-fitting sheath . In young specimens, the stem is full, but later hollow. The ring is often poorly developed and is sometimes completely absent. The white and soft flesh smells like radish in very young specimens, then sweetish and finally unpleasantly sweet. It tastes unpleasant, but mild - taste tests are, however, not necessary due to the toxic ingredients.

Species delimitation

Among the edible mushrooms , the conical cap mushroom can be confused with white mushrooms (no pure white lamellas, no volva), especially in the case of the rare specimens with flattened hats, there is a risk of confusion with them. Young dusters (without lamellas) can also be mistaken for it at first glance. In the Mediterranean region, the edible, sandy amanita or its subverna variety ( A. gilberti var.  Subverna ; mostly reddening flesh and cylindrical spores) is similar. The toadstool can be confused with the spring cap mushroom and the green cap mushroom , both with a more pronounced ring and flat cap.

Ecology and phenology

The cone cap mushroom is said to form a mycorrhiza exclusively with the common spruce . Contrary to this thesis, however, finds from deciduous forests with beech , oak and birch are often recorded.

The fruiting bodies appear from July to October, under favorable conditions as early as June.

distribution

The cone-capped death cap fungus is usually found in moist coniferous forests , but also in deciduous forests . It always prefers extremely acidic soil. Its range is very dispersed in Central and Southern Europe, and the fungus is rarely found, especially in the lowlands. In contrast, it is more common in Northern Europe and in the high mountains.

toxicology

The cone cap mushroom is a deadly poisonous mushroom. It contains phalloidin , which is not relevant to poisoning because it does not enter the bloodstream when ingested, as well as amatoxins , which lead to amatoxin syndrome . This form of mushroom poisoning is often fatal, especially because of a treacherous period after the onset of symptoms when the patient's condition appears to be improving. If diagnosed later, the poison irreparably damages the liver and kidneys .

research

In vitro experiments show an antibacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus for extracts of the cone-capped death cap mushroom . Capsicum mushroom extract also has an inhibitory effect on thrombin .

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Jean-Louis Lamaison, Jean-Marie Polese, Isabel Schmidt, Maria Wolf: The great mushroom atlas . Ullmann, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8331-4898-9 (240 pages).
  2. ^ Andreas Bresinsky, Helmut Besl: Toadstools . A handbook for pharmacists, doctors and biologists. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 978-3-8047-0680-4 (295 pages).
  3. Volkbert Kell: Toadstools and mushroom poisons . Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 1991, ISBN 978-3-89432-305-9 (207 pages).
  4. Till R. Lohmeyer, Ute Künkele: mushrooms . Parragon, S. 32 .
  5. Erwald Gerhardt: Mushrooms. With quick determination system . 4th edition. BLV, ISBN 978-3-405-13401-3 (287 pages).
  6. Janeš, D., Kreft, S., Jurc, M., Seme, K., Štrukelj (2007). Antibacterial Activity in Higher Fungi (Mushrooms) and Endophytic Fungi from Slovenia. Pharmaceutical Biology, 45, 9: 700–706 ( full text )
  7. B. Doljak, M. Stegnar, U. Urleb, S. Kreft, A. Umek, M. Ciglaric, B. Strukelj, T. Popovic: screening for selective thrombin inhibitors in mushrooms. In: Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis: an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis. Volume 12, Number 2, March 2001, pp. 123-128, PMID 11302474 .

Web links

Commons : Amanita virosa ( Amanita virosa )  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files