Spring death cap mushroom
| Spring death cap mushroom | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring cap mushroom (Amanita verna) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Amanita verna | ||||||||||||
| ( Bull. ) Lam. |
The Amanita Verna ( Amanita verna, syn . : Amanita decipiens, Amanita verna var. Decipiens ) is a poisonous mushroom , which, like the Green Knollenblätterpilz left untreated when consumed to death. The species was first described by the French botanist Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard . Its species epithet "verna" is derived from the fructification in spring. This type of mushroom is also known as the white cap mushroom, but it can also refer to the cone cap mushroom ( A. virosa ) and a white variant of the yellow cap mushroom ( A. citrina ).
features
Macroscopic features
The fruiting body of the spring death cap mushroom is pure white to silky white throughout. Like all species of the Amanita sect section . Phalloideae (death cap mushrooms in the narrow sense) it has a lobed sheath , it is large and baggy. The height of the fruiting body is similar to the diameter of the hat. The hat is 4.5–6.5 cm in diameter and has a smooth, slightly moist, greasy surface with a yellow-ocher color in the middle. The lamellae are white to creamy white and not attached to the stem. The meat initially has no particular odor, but can then turn into a somewhat unpleasant odor. The stem measures 8.5–10.5 × 0.7–1.3 cm, is cylindrical, white, first stuffed, then hollow, and has a smooth, non-puckered surface that can only show tiny scales. The stem base is round, the tuber soft. The ring is membranous, durable, skirt-like, smooth to very finely grooved on the top. The sheath is white, membranous and single-layered.
The spring cap mushroom reacts orange-yellow with potassium hydroxide solution, which distinguishes it from the white forms of the green cap mushroom .
Microscopic features
The spores are broadly ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal, more rarely longer ellipsoidal, measuring (8.0–) 8.2–11.0 (–11.9) × (5.7–) 6.0–7.5 (-8 , 5) µm and are amyloid.
Species delimitation
Other white representatives of the Amanita sect section . Phalloideae ( dead cap mushrooms) - all deadly poisonous - can look very similar:
The white form of the open Amanita mushroom ( Amanita phalloides fm. Alba ) is different adjacent the lack of reaction with potassium hydroxide solution by the genatterten stem.
The cone-cap mushroom ( Amanita virosa ) reacts positively to potassium hydroxide solution, just like the spring death cap, but shows a purely yellow, less orange-yellow reaction. In addition, its stem is usually much more flaky and the fruiting body is less regular. In case of doubt, however, you can recognize the cone-capped death cap mushroom by its wider spores.
Amanita porrinensis , a deadly poisonous species with a positive potassium hydroxide reaction, reddens to brown in the meat and is therefore easily recognizable. In case of doubt, this Mediterranean species can be recognized by its significantly narrower spores, which are only 6 (–6.5) µm wide.
From North Africa and southernmost Europe, an amanita is known that is macroscopically very similar to the spring death cap, which does not react with potassium hydroxide solution and has been interpreted by several authors as a spring death cap, which is why the name Amanita decipiens for the collections that react with potassium hydroxide solution ( or Amanita verna var. decipiens ) was used. It has turned out, however, that the spring cap mushrooms reacts with potassium hydroxide solution and thus Amanita decipiens is a synonym, while collections that do not react with potassium hydroxide solution represent a taxon that has not yet been described. The species delimitation within the section Amanita sect. Phalloideae has not yet been fully explained for Europe.
For inexperienced edible mushroom collectors, confusion with the meadow mushroom , sheep mushroom and white anise mushroom is very easy and fatal. The best distinguishing feature are the slats; in mushrooms they are creamy white at most when young, but mostly at least creamy pink or gray-pink when young, later more distinctly pink and finally chocolate brown, in the case of the spring cap mushroom (and other representatives of the Amanita sect. Phalloideae section ) also white to creamy white when old. In order to exclude confusion with certainty, no young specimens of the mushrooms should be collected on which the lamellae are still relatively light or almost white.
Another sure characteristic that distinguishes the spring death cap mushroom from edible species is the stem, which shows a clearly pronounced, lobed sheath at the base of the stem, which, if it is, is very thin-skinned and glued to the stem in mushrooms. The entire mushroom body should therefore always be harvested so that the shell is not overlooked.
Ecology, phenology and distribution
The spring death cap mushroom is a warmth-loving species that is particularly widespread in the Mediterranean region and occurs in deciduous forests, especially in oaks. It is an ectomycorrhizal-forming species, like all members of the genus amulas in the narrow sense. Due to earlier, different conceptions of the species, the exact distribution area is still unclear, especially with regard to the northern limit of distribution in Europe. Occurrences in North America are not yet clearly proven.
ingredients
The mushroom contains poisons from the class of amatoxins , mainly alpha-amanitin . These make the species a life-threatening poisonous species and lead to death from liver failure . The fungus also contains other poisons such as phallotoxins , which are not responsible for the deadly toxic effect.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Amanita verna - Amanitaceae.org - Taxonomy and Morphology of Amanita and Limacella. Accessed June 1, 2020 .
- ↑ ML Castro: Amanita porrinensis L. Freire et MLCastro, estudio comparativo con outros taxon as sección Phalloideae (Fr.) Quél. In: Mykes . tape 1 , 1998, p. 57-60 .
- ↑ P. Neville S. Poumarat, G. Monterumici: Una rara Amanita della sezione Phalloideae, nuova per l'Italia: Amanita porrinensis . In: Boll. Size Micol. Bresadola Nueva Ser. BGMB . tape 43 , no. 2 , 2000, pp. 143-150 .
- ↑ LA Parra Sánchez: Agaricus L. - Allopsalliota . In: Fungi Europaei . tape 1 , 2008, p. 1-824 .
- ^ Scott A. Redhead, Alfredo Vizzini, Dennis C. Drehmel, Marco Contu: Saproamanita, a new name for both Lepidella E.-J. Gilbert and Aspidella E.-J. Gilbert (Amaniteae, Amanitaceae) . In: IMA Fungus . tape 7 , no. 1 , June 2016, ISSN 2210-6359 , p. 119–129 , doi : 10.5598 / imafungus.2016.07.01.07 .