Gray amanita

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gray amanita
2008-07-07 Amanita excelsa colors corrected.jpg

Gray amanita ( Amanita excelsa )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Amanitaceae relatives
Genre : Wulstlinge ( Amanita )
Type : Gray amanita
Scientific name
Amanita excelsa
( Fr  .: Fr.) Bertillon

The Gray Amanita ( Amanita excelsa ) is a species of fungus from the family of Wulstlingsverwandten . From this stately, in habit a Perlpilz very similar agaric some varieties, which, however, attributed mostly no taxonomic relevance due to smooth transitions exist. The taxon Amanita spissa ( Fr. ) Bertillon , which was previously listed as a separate species under the name of sunk amanita , is now a synonym .

Although edible, the edible value of the gray amanita is rated as low. In addition, it should only be collected for food purposes with sufficient knowledge of the species, as otherwise it can easily be confused with the highly poisonous panther mushroom .

features

Gray amanita without any remains of velum.

Macroscopic features

The gray amanita is usually a stately mushroom, but thin, fragile dwarf forms also occur. The hat measures (3–) 5–15 (–25) cm in diameter. It is initially completely surrounded by a white, later greyish shell , which soon rips open and leaves flat, whitish to gray-brown, easily wipeable flakes, scraps or warts on the hat skin. The initially hemispherical hat shields you in old age. The hat color varies in different gray-brown tones. The brim of the hat is usually unrubbed. The white, soft lamellae are densely packed, have flaky edges and are rounded and attached to the stem. The spore powder is white in color. The partial velum protrudes from the handle as a wide, grooved cuff; it is initially white, later gray in the lower area. The compact, cylindrical and fluffy belted stem is 8–12 cm high, initially white, later grayish over the cuff and more brownish underneath. Above the cuff, the handle shows a grooved surface. The 2–3 cm bulbous thickened stem base is only indistinctly separated from the stem by a 2–3 ring belt, the stem shaft often also merges into the tuber. The meat is white, rather gray in the middle of the hat and smells faintly of beetroot or radish, occasionally also potato-like. It tends to brown in the air and quickly turns wine-red with phenol . The taste is indistinctly sweet, later radish-like and slightly astringent.

Microscopic features

The remains of the velum are often more or less flat and light gray.

The hyaline , round oval to elliptical spores are smooth and measure 9–10 × 6–8 micrometers; they show a positive iodine color reaction . The basidia are club-shaped.

Species delimitation

The gray amanita can be confused with other gray to brown-capped amanita if insufficient knowledge of the species is available.

Collected for food purposes, confusion with the highly poisonous panther mushroom ( Amanita pantherina ) could have serious health consequences. It differs in the small, white speckled remains of velum on the chestnut to golden brown hat without shades of gray, an unrubbed (in exceptional cases weakly grooved), lower and smaller cuff at the level of the middle of the stem and a thinner bulb with a characteristic bulging edge, often with further belt-shaped beads. The panther mushroom is usually built more slender, its hat edge is usually grooved.

The porphyry brown amanita ( A. porphyria ) is distinguished by a purple hat color, a clearly separated stem and a cuff that is not or at most slightly grooved.

The rare, poisonous Raue Amulstling ( A. franchettii ) differs in its pointed, yellowish flakes on the hat, on the cuff and on the tuber.

The pearl mushroom ( A. rubescens ), which is also edible but tastes significantly better, differs in its red tones on the hat and in the meat.

Ecology and phenology

The gray amanita prefers older beech and oak mixed forests, as well as acidic spruce, fir and spruce forests. Occasionally it also appears in pine stands, only rarely in parks. It needs moist, often alternately wet, strongly acidic to almost neutral soils. It is rare or completely absent in limestone areas. Its most important symbiont in Central Europe is the spruce, followed by the common beech at a distance. Its location requirements roughly correspond to those of the pearl mushroom.

The first fruit bodies appear in Central Europe in May. The main fructification period is in midsummer. In mild weather, fruiting bodies can be found until November.

distribution

Amanita excelsa is a Holarctic representative of the amanita with additional occurrences in Australia and northern Africa. In Eurasia , the easternmost sites are in north-eastern Siberia and on the Japanese islands , the most north-westerly in the Hebrides . To the southwest, the species is distributed as far as the Canary Islands . In Europe it occurs relatively frequently in the meridional to sub- boreal flora region . Its northern limit of distribution is about 61 ° north. Vertically, the main distribution in Central Europe is in the colline altitude range, but the fungus is also found in lowland areas and in montane regions. In Germany the gray amanita is widespread except in the limestone areas and is common in places. The species is currently not endangered.

Systematics

The gray amanita was first described in 1866 by the French statistician and mushroom expert Louis-Adolphe Bertillon as Amanita excelsa . Until a few years ago, the species was called A. spissa , and A. spissa var. Excelsa was the tall, stately (Latin excelsus = towering, raised ) variety. This was also called A. spissa var. Ampla . (Latin amplus = handsome ). In addition, the varieties valida and cariosa have been described. The main differences between var. Spissa and var. Excelsa are said to be in the nature of the hat surface and in the smell. The Velumreste are in var. Excelsa easily wiped off, the fruit body smell of potatoes or fruit. In contrast, in var. Spissa the remains of the velum are firmly adhering, the cuff is strongly grooved and the odor is dull or almost absent. The small, slender var. Cariosa (lat. Cariosus - rotten, decrepit ) has an almost bulbless, quickly hollowing stalk. The particularly stately var. Valida (Latin validus = strong ) has a honey-brown hat with a grooved edge and a trama that tans when injured.

There are transitions and mixed forms between all the varieties described, even within a collection area, so that no taxonomic validity is currently ascribed to them.

meaning

Food value

The gray amanita is non-toxic when sufficiently cooked, but its value as an edible mushroom is low. The fungus, like its close relative A. rubescens , may contain haemolysins , which can lead to symptoms of poisoning if consumed raw or if heated insufficiently.

ingredients

Like other fungi, the gray amanita forms enzymes that are able to break down polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , including the highly carcinogenic benzo (a) pyrene . The cleaned enzymes or the mycelium could be used in the rehabilitation of polluted soils.

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ MycoBank: Amanita spissa (Fr.) Bertill. 1866 . Fungal databases. Nomenclature and Species Banks. Online Taxonomic Novelties Submission. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  2. Krieglsteiner (2003) page 34
  3. Bi Zhishu, Guoyang Zheng, Li Taihui: The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province . The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. 1993. page 268. ISBN 962-201-556-5 .
  4. Krieglsteiner (2003), pp. 35–36.
  5. ^ A b Jürgen Guthmann, Christoph Hahn, Rainer Raichel: Pocket dictionary of mushrooms in Germany . Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim. 2011. Page 40. ISBN 978-3-494-01449-4 .

Web links

Commons : Gray Amanita ( Amanita excelsa )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Grauer Amulstling  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations