Roof mushrooms
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Fawn-brown roof mushroom ( Pluteus cervinus ) |
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The roof mushrooms ( Pluteus ) are a genus of mushrooms from the family of the roof mushroom relatives . The species of this genus grow saprobion table on dead wood . If wood is buried in the ground, the impression can arise that the fruiting bodies appear to be growing on the ground.
The type species is the fawn roof mushroom ( Pluteus cervinus ).
features
Macroscopic features
The agaric mushrooms have no velum partiale and the velum universale is usually completely reduced, so that they then have neither a ring on the stem nor a volva on the stem base. Only in a few species, such as B. Pluteus fenzlii , or varieties of otherwise velumless species, such as. B. Pluteus aurantiorugosus var. Aurantiovelatus , the velum is universal still present, so that the stem is then booted from the stem base starting from the velum and the trailing edge of the velum a ring on the stem ( fenzlii Plutues , partly pronounced as small volva, wendie separation edge very sits deep) or at least a ring zone ( Pluteus aurantiorugosus var. aurantiovelatus ) is created. The hat is always arched to flat convex, but never depressed or deepened like a funnel. The stem is almost always in the center of the hat and can be easily separated from it. At the base it is plump to bulbous, but never bulbous with a border. Ring and volva are missing. When young, the lamellae are white, with increasing spore maturity they change color from pink to reddish-brown. They stand free from the stem. The spore powder is colored pink to rusty brown.
Microscopic features
The spores are round to slightly elliptical and have a smooth surface. Cystidia are always present on the lamellar edges, they often occur on the lamellar surface, are sometimes noticeably thick-walled and have characteristic hooks at the tip in the pluteus section . The most important distinguishing feature of the individual species is the structure of the cap skin that can be seen under the microscope .
Generic delimitation
- Red flots ( Entoloma ) - the lamellae are not completely free in red fluff. Microscopically, they differ in their angular spores.
- Scheidlinge ( Volvariella ) - they have a sheath (Volva) at the base of the stem.
Ecology and way of life
The species of this genus grow saprobion table on dead wood . If wood is buried in the ground, the impression can arise that the fruiting bodies appear to be growing on the ground.
species
The genus includes around 300 species worldwide, 65 of which occur in Europe.
| Roof mushrooms ( Pluteus ) in Europe |
Black- edged roof fungus
Pluteus atromarginatus
Fawn-brown roof fungus
Pluteus cervinus
Lion's yellow roof mushroom
Pluteus leoninus
Buckle softwood or pouzars roof mushroom
Pluteus pouzarianus
Yellow-stemmed roof fungus
Pluteus romellii
Pink-stemmed roof mushroom
Pluteus roseipes
Gray roof mushroom
Pluteus salicinus
Gray-stemmed vein mushroom
Pluteus thomsonii
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Systematics
The roof fungus genus comprises around 40 species in Central Europe and over 100 species worldwide. Very many species can only be determined by specialists with the help of microscopic features. The subdivision of the following sections and subsections (with example type) is largely based on Andreas Vesper (2003):
- Section Pluteus : Macroscopic features: surface of the hat fibrous to scaly. Microscopic features: top hat layer made of +/- lying hyphae. Pleurocystids with hooks. Relatively large fleshy species.
- Fawn-brown roof mushroom ( P. cervinus )
- Section Villosi: Microscopic features: top layer of hat as in Section Pluteus. Pleurocystids thin-walled without apical hooks.
- Smallest roof mushroom ( P. exiguus )
- Celluloderma section is divided into three subsections.
- Hispidodermini subsection : Macroscopic features: surface of the hat velvety or shaggy-tomentose, grainy to scaly. Microscopic features: Hyphae of the top layer of the hat are cylindrical to spindle-shaped and rather erect. Medium-sized species.
- Different colored roof fungus ( P. plautus )
- Subsection Eucellulodermini : Macroscopic characteristics: Hat velvety, wrinkled to veined. Not as grainy looking as in the Hispidodermini subsection . Microscopic features: top layer of hat made of +/- upright blunt clubbed or spherical, cell-like hyphae.
- Yellow-stemmed roof mushroom ( P. romellii )
- Mixtini subsection : Macroscopic features: as in Eucellulodermini subsection . Microscopic features: hat skin from spherical to elongated club-spindle hyphae.
- Gray-stemmed vein mushroom ( P. thomsonii )
- Hispidodermini subsection : Macroscopic features: surface of the hat velvety or shaggy-tomentose, grainy to scaly. Microscopic features: Hyphae of the top layer of the hat are cylindrical to spindle-shaped and rather erect. Medium-sized species.
meaning
The edibility or toxicity of most species is unknown due to their small size. Only the relatively large fawn roof mushroom ( P. cervinus ) is known as an edible mushroom . It is also worth mentioning the occurrence of psilocybin in the green-gray roof mushroom ( P. salicinus ), which is therefore one of the poisonous mushrooms .
swell
literature
- Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms. Over 1500 mushrooms in Europe . Updated edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 (Original title: The mushrooms and toadstools of Britain and Northwestern Europe. ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jan Holec, Vladimír Kunca, Hana Ševcˇíková, Bálint Dima, Martin Krˇíž, Tomáš Kucˇera: Pluteus fenzlii (Agaricales, Pluteaceae) - taxonomy, ecology and distribution of a rare and iconic species . In: Sydowia An International Journal of Mycology . No. 70 , 2018, ISSN 0082-0598 , p. 11-26 , doi : 10.12905 / 0380.sydowia70-2018-0011 .
- ^ Alfredo Vizzini, Enrico Ercole: A new annulate Pluteus variety from Italy . In: Mycologia . tape 103 , no. 4 , July 2011, ISSN 0027-5514 , p. 904-911 , doi : 10.3852 / 10-382 .
- ^ Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter, JA Stalpers: Dictionary of the Fungi . 10th edition. CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 (784 pages).
- ↑ Harald Zühlsdorf: The genus Pluteus . fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. Eric Strittmatter, August 5, 2006, accessed June 25, 2012 .
- ^ Andreas Vesper: Genus Pluteus Fries (roof mushrooms). Script for the lecture about the possibilities and limits of predominantly macroscopic determination of roof fungi - 3rd excursion and lecture conference (ThAM) in Zadelsdorf (Thuringia) from 10th to 12th September 2003. September 12, 2003, accessed February 7, 2019 .
Web links
- Possibilities and limits for predominantly macroscopic determination of roof mushrooms - probably one of the best German-language pages on the genus Pluteus.
- Kuo, M. (2004, December). The genus Pluteus. (engl.)
- Online key to the determination of Pluteus by Georg Müller and Dr. Markus Scholler