Fawn-brown roof mushroom
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Fawn-brown roof mushroom ( Pluteus cervinus ) |
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| P. Kumm. |
The deer-brown roof mushroom ( Pluteus cervinus, syn .: Pluteus atricapillus , Pluteus brunneoradiatus , Pluteus exilis var. Austriacus ), also called deer-brown roof mushroom , is a species from the family of the roof mushroom relatives .
features
Macroscopic features
The hat of the fawn roof mushroom is 4 to 15 centimeters wide. It is initially conical and bell-shaped and often wrinkled at this age. With increasing age of the mushroom, the shape of the hat changes to a domed to spread shape, which is usually flatly hunched. The surface of the hat is smooth to ingrown with radial fibers, sometimes also a bit scaly in the middle of the hat. The hat is rarely pure white (albinotic forms), but mostly medium brown in color, more rarely with brown-orange tones or gray-brown. The rounded lamellas are attached narrowly or free and are crowded together. They are initially whitish and later change their color to salmon pink to reddish, their cutting edge is finely serrated. The mushroom's fragile stalk is fibrous, sometimes tapering upward, and five to twelve inches long and 0.7 to 2 inches in diameter. It is provided with gray-brown to dark brown longitudinal fibers, which can also be aggregated into small scales, but the stalk is rarely smooth. The smell of the soft and white mushroom flesh is reminiscent of potato cellars or radishes , the taste is mild at first and then slightly bitter. The spore powder is gray-pink in color.
Microscopic features
The roe-brown roof fungus has broadly elliptical to elliptical, sometimes median-constricted, but sometimes also subglobose, smooth, somewhat thick-walled, inamyloid spores that are approx. 6.5–8.5 µm long and (4.5) 5.0–7.0 µm wide. The basidia are cylindrical to bulbous in shape, 4-spore usually without a basal buckle. They become 25–38 µm long and 11–27 µm wide. Club-pear-shaped 25–47 × 11–27 µm cheilocystidae and thick-walled 60–85 × 13–21 µm pleurocystidae, usually with 3 hooks at the tip, whose hooks are not densely bifurcated, are found. The top layer of the hat skin consists of parallel, light brown pigmented hyphae 5–10 µm wide with protruding hyphae ends 100–250 µm long and 8–30 µm thick. Buckles are completely absent in the hat cover layer. If they do, then only very sporadically on particularly thin hyphae of the lamellar trama and at the base of basidia and cystidia.
Species delimitation in Europe
Species delimitation is based on the monographic study by Justo et al. (2014).
The roe-brown roof mushroom is part of a holarctic species aggregate, which currently consists of 25 species, of which 13 species occur in Europe. All of these species have the conspicuous, thick-walled cheilocystidae with apical outgrowths and hooks, which is also shown by the fawn roof mushroom. If one disregards all light-capped species, since these (apart from albinos of the roe deer roof fungus) are easy to distinguish macroscopically, the following, also brown-capped species remain as confusion partners:
- Pluteus alniphilus
- Pluteus atromarginatus
- Pluteus brunneidiscus
- Pluteus hongoi
- Pluteus kovalenkoi
- Pluteus pouzarianus
- Pluteus primus
- Pluteus rangifer
These types can be assigned to individual clades :
The black- edged roof fungus ( Pluteus atromarginatus ) as the only European representative of the atromarginatus clade can be easily recognized and determined macroscopically through its dark lamellar edges.
The species of the brunneidiscus clade (in Europe only Pluteus brunneodiscus and P. kovalenkoi ) colonize mostly hardwood like the roe deer roof mushroom, but also have buckles in the top layer of the hat and are therefore also distinguishable from the roe deer roof mushroom.
The species of the pouzarianus clade (in Europe only Pluteus pouzarianus and P. primus ) can be easily delimited with the help of a microscope by their buckles, which are regularly found in the top layer of the hat. In addition, these species only occur on softwood.
It is more difficult to differentiate between species within the cervinus clade (in Europe, in addition to the roe- deer roof fungus, Pluteus alniphilus , P. hongoi and P. rangifer ), since the representatives occur on hardwood and, with the exception of Pluteus alniphilus , have no buckles. In this respect, there are still Pluteus hongoi and P. rangifer left in brown- capped, buckleless Artan on hardwood .
Pluteus rangifer , however, cannot be reliably distinguished from the roe-deer roof fungus using classical methods. Only the sometimes darker color of the hat and a clear, black-scaled stem are indications of this species. According to the current state of knowledge, however, Pluteus rangifer is only distributed boreally. Its area extends from Finland through Karelia and Siberia to the Far East and Japan. Central European certificates are not yet available. In the areas where both species occur, e.g. B. in Central Siberia, the differentiation is correspondingly complex and should be genetically verified.
Likewise , Pluteus hongoi cannot always be reliably differentiated from the roe-deer roof fungus using classical methods. Since the areas of both species also overlap in Central Europe, this makes it difficult to clearly identify the roe deer-brown roof fungus. Typical collections from Pluteus hongoi can be identified quite easily: The hat is paler than the fawn roof mushroom, the stem lacks the typical dark longitudinal fibers or they are only weakly pronounced. In addition, the hooks of the cheilocystidia tend to be forked. Nevertheless, there are individual collections that cannot be separated from the deer-brown roof mushroom, since all of the features mentioned are very variable - especially since the deer-brown roof mushroom, for example, can also have a smooth stem. For this reason, the roe-deer roof fungus can currently only be reliably identified at the species level with the help of genetic methods (DNA sequencing).
ecology
The roe-brown roof fungus is a saprobiontic hardwood dweller that is only very rarely found on coniferous wood. He prefers maple, birch, beech and oak wood as a substrate. It colonizes rotten stumps, stumps, felled tree trunks, thick branches and exposed roots in the final and late optimal phase of the decomposition. When buried branches or branches covered with soil are colonized, it is often not possible to immediately infer a wood-decomposing fungus. Fruit bodies then "drill" themselves into the surface in a spiral. The roe-deer roof fungus occurs in Central Europe in all forest types as well as in forests, plantations and parks, if a suitable substrate is available. There is no preference for certain types of soil. Rotting piles of straw outside of closed forests can also be colonized. The fruiting bodies appear on the substrate individually or in groups, sometimes almost like clusters, the main fructification takes place in Central Europe from the end of April to the end of November, leading or protruding specimens are also found in the winter months.
distribution
The fawn roof mushroom is found in Eurasia and North America. The eastern border of the Eurasian area is reached in central Siberia (region around Novosibirsk ). Whether in Fennoscandia the roe-deer-brown roof fungus will be replaced by Pluteus rangifer or whether both also appear there sympatric remains to be clarified. In Germany the species is widespread in the entire area, it is common almost everywhere.
Systematics
The rooftop mushrooms (genus Pluteus ) together with the genus Volvopluteus form the family of rooftop mushroom relatives (Pluteaceae), while the scabbards (genus Volvariella ) based on genetic investigations, contrary to traditional classification, do not belong to this family.
meaning
The deer-brown roof mushroom is edible. It can taste slightly earthy.
swell
- Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-440-08457-4 .
- Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Mushrooms of Switzerland. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 4: Agarics. Part 2: Entolomataceae, Pluteaceae, Amanitaceae, Agaricaceae, Coprinaceae, Bolbitiaceae, Strophariaceae. Mykologia, Luzern 1995, ISBN 3-85604-040-4 .
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 4: Mushrooms. Blattpilze II. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3281-8 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Alfredo Justo, Ekaterina Malysheva, Tatiana Bulyonkova, Else C Vellinga, Gerry Cobian: Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of Holarctic species of Pluteus section Pluteus (Agaricales: Pluteaceae), with description of twelve new species . In: Phytotaxa . tape 180 , no. 1 , September 24, 2014, ISSN 1179-3163 , p. 1 , doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.180.1.1 ( biotaxa.org ).
- ^ Alfredo Justo, Alfredo Vizzini, Andrew M. Minnis, Nelson Menolli, Marina Capelari: Phylogeny of the Pluteaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota): taxonomy and character evolution . In: Fungal Biology . tape 115 , no. 1 , January 2011, p. 1–20 , doi : 10.1016 / j.funbio.2010.09.012 ( elsevier.com ).
