Crack fungi

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Crack fungi
Yellow-leaved crack fungus (Inocybe relicina), type species of the genus

Yellow -leaved crack fungus ( Inocybe relicina ), type species of the genus

Systematics
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Crack fungus relatives (Inocybaceae)
Genre : Crack fungi
Scientific name
Inocybe
( Fr. ) Fr.

The crack fungi ( Inocybe ) are a species of fungus from the family of the crack fungus relatives .

features

Macroscopic features

The fruiting bodies of Inocybe are small to medium sized, fleshy part agarics , the hat is usually white to gray, ocher yellow to brown, often conical or hunched, radially cracked in part, on which the German name of the genus refers. The surface of the hat is almost smooth, fine to coarse-grained or scaly, also with a ripe-like coating, mostly non-hygrophan and dry, rarely a bit slimy. The velum can be designed as a Cortina . The lamellae are olive-gray to gray-brown, young also whitish in color, deeply bulged or attached, rarely grown broadly. Their cutting edge is often whitish or lightly flaky. The stalk is quite long, cylindrical, centrally positioned, and glabrous to partially or completely frosted, often with Cortina fibers, only rarely ringed. The stem base can also be swollen, bulged, hemmed or tuberous. The whitish to slightly brownish, sometimes reddening meat often has a characteristic smell that is perceived as spermatic . The spore powder is brown.

Microscopic features

Some crack fungi have characteristic bumpy spores (here from Inocybe mixtilis ).

Cystids are always present: mostly thick-walled cheilocystids on the cutting edges , often with a crystal head or amorphous caps ( metuloids ), in most species also pleurocystids on the surfaces of the lamellae and metuloid caulocystids on the surface of the stalk. The spores are ellipsoid-bean-shaped or polygonal-bumpy, also star-shaped, but not warty, they have no germ pore . The basidia do not have a brown pigment .

ecology

Most of the crack fungi are ecto mycorrhizal fungi that form symbioses with deciduous and coniferous trees, as well as with dwarf shrubs. Crack fungi can occur in a wide variety of habitats; they are particularly widespread in the temperate zones.

species

The following species and varieties occur or are to be expected in Europe:

Crack fungi ( Inocybe ) in Europe
German name Scientific name Author quote
Rigid-stemmed crack fungus Inocybe abietis Kühner 1955
Pointed crack fungus Inocybe acuta Boudier 1917
Greening crack fungus Inocybe aeruginascens Babos 1970
White fibrous crack fungus Inocybe albofibrillosa Stangl & Schmid-Heckel 1985
Oval-pored crack fungus Inocybe albomarginata Velenovský 1920
Inocybe alboperonata Kühner 1988
Velvety crack fungus Inocybe albovelutipes Stangl 1980
Alder crack fungus Inocybe alnea Stangl 1979
Inocybe alpigenes
(described as " alpigene ")
(E. Horak 1987) Stangl 1989
Inocybe ambigua Romagnesi 1979
Blunt-pored crack fungus Inocybe amblyspora Kühner 1955
Purple crack fungus Inocybe amethystina Kuyper 1986
Inocybe angulatosquamulosa Stangl 1984
Appendage crack fungus Inocybe appendiculata Kühner 1955
Silvery yellow crack fungus Inocybe argenteolutea Vauras 1997
Round bulbous crack fungus Inocybe assimilata (Britzelmayr 1881) Saccardo 1887
Star spore crack fungus Inocybe asterospora Quélet 1879
Inocybe aurantiobrunnea Esteve-Raventós & García Blanco 2003
Inocybe aurantioumbonata Franchi & M. Marchetti 2008
Gold crack fungus Inocybe aurea Huijsman 1955
Golden-haired crack fungus Inocybe auricoma (Batsch 1783) JE Lange 1917
Inocybe auricomella Kühner 1988
Squat crack fungus Inocybe ayeri Furrer-Ziogas 1987
Inocybe barrasae Esteve-Raventós 2001
Red-foxed crack fungus Inocybe bresadolae Massee 1904
Brown felted crack fungus Inocybe brunneotomentosa Huijsman 1978
Inocybe caballeroi CE Hermosilla & Esteve-Raventós 2005
Angular, bulbous crack fungus Inocybe calida Velenovský 1920
Nice-pored crack fungus Inocybe calospora Quélet 1882
Silver fir crack fungus Inocybe castanea Peck 1904
Brown-puckered crack fungus Inocybe catalaunica Singer 1947
Brown-leaved crack fungus Inocybe cicatricata
(described as " cicatricatus ")
Ellis & Everhart 1889
Brown-purple crack fungus Inocybe cincinnata (Fries 1821: Fries 1821) Quélet 1872
Inocybe cincinnata var.  Major (S. Petersen 1911) Kuyper 1989
Inocybe cistobulbipes Esteve-Raventós & Vila 2002
Narrow-leaved crack fungus Inocybe coelestium Kuyper 1985
Dwarf willow crack fungus Inocybe concinnula J. Favre 1955
Green hunched crack fungus Inocybe corydalina Quélet 1875
Ocher-foxed crack fungus Inocybe cryptocystis DE Stuntz 1954 ('1953')
Thick-footed crack fungus Inocybe curvipes P. Karsten 1890
Inocybe deborae Ferrari 2003
Rust-brown crack fungus Inocybe decemgibbosa (Kühner 1933) Vauras 1997
Gray-brown crack fungus Inocybe decipiens Bresadola 1892
Inocybe deianae Eyssartier 2007
Inocybe diabolica Vauras 1994
Inocybe dolichospora Malençon 1970
Bittersweet crack fungus Inocybe dulcamara (Persoon 1801) P. Kummer 1871
Dune crack fungus Inocybe dunensis PD Orton 1960
Inocybe dunensis var.  Paucicystidiosa Bon 1984
Poor crack fungus Inocybe egenula J. Favre 1955
Shaggy crack fungus Inocybe erinaceomorpha Stangl & J. Veselský 1979
Inocybe exilis (Kuyper 1986) Jacobsson & E. Larsson 2008
Thick-stalked crack fungus Inocybe favrei Bon 1985
White crack fungus Inocybe fibrosa (Sowerby 1814) Gillet 1876
Straw-white crack fungus Inocybe fibrosoides Kühner 1933
Flaky crack fungus Inocybe flocculosa Saccardo 1887
Saffron-leaved crack fungus Inocybe flocculosa var.  Crocifolia (Herink 1954) Kuyper 1986
Pear crack fungus Inocybe fraudans (Britzelmayr 1883) Saccardo 1887
Cold-tolerant crack fungus Inocybe frigidula J. Favre 1955
Dark brown nodule crack fungus Inocybe fuligineoatra Huijsman 1955
Small crack fungus Inocybe fulvella Bresadola 1892
Black-crowned crack fungus Inocybe furfurea Kühner 1955
Inocybe furfurea var.  Rufotacta (Schwöbel & Stangl 1982) Kuyper 1986
Blackening crack fungus Inocybe fuscescentipes Kühner 1988
Brown-streaked crack fungus Inocybe fuscidula Velenovský 1920
Inocybe fuscidula var.  Bisporigera Kuyper 1986
Earth-leaved crack fungus Inocybe geophylla (Sowerby 1798: Fries 1821) P. Kummer 1871
Northern rift fungus Inocybe giacomi J. Favre 1955
Rigid-stemmed crack fungus Inocybe glabrescens Velenovský 1920
Small-pored crack fungus Inocybe glabripes Ricken 1911
Inocybe glabrodisca PD Orton 1960
Reddening crack fungus Inocybe godeyi Gillet 1876
Polygonal crack fungus Inocybe goniopusio Stangl 1989
Cusp-porous crack fungus Inocybe grammata Quélet 1880
Gray-purple crack fungus Inocybe griseolilacina
(described as " griseo-lilacina ")
JE Lange 1917
Inocybe griseoscabrosa
(described as " griseo-scabrosa ")
(Peck 1873) Earle 1903
Gray-veiled crack fungus Inocybe griseovelata Kühner 1955
Green-red crack fungus Inocybe haemacta (Berkeley & Cooke 1882) Saccardo 1887
Inocybe hirculus Vauras 1995 ('1994')
Bitter almond crack fungus Inocybe hirtella Bresadola 1884
Two-pored bitter almond crack fungus Inocybe hirtella var.  Bispora Kuyper 1986
Fake bitter almond crack fungus Inocybe hirtelloides Stangl & J. Veselský 1974
Small mother-of-pearl crack mushroom Inocybe huijsmanii Kuyper 1986
Small crack fungus Inocybe humilis J. Favre 1960
Hygrophan crack fungus Inocybe hygrophana Glowinski & Stangl 1981
Inocybe hypervelata Bizio & Cervini 2005
Inocybe hypotheja Kühner 1988
Bulky crack fungus Inocybe hystrix (Fries 1838) P. Karsten 1879
Inocybe incarnata Bresadola 1884
White-stemmed crack fungus Inocybe inodora Velenovský 1920
Inocybe involuta Kuyper 1989
White felty crack fungus Inocybe jacobi Kühner 1956 ('1955')
Pannonian crack fungus Inocybe javorkae Babos & Stangl 1985
Nut-brown crack fungus Inocybe johannae Kühner 1988
Inocybe juniperina M. Marchetti, Franchi & Bizio 2004
Sandy soil crack fungus Inocybe krieglsteineri Fernández Sasia 2005
Spindle-pore crack fungus Inocybe lacera (Fries 1821: Fries 1821) P. Kummer 1871
Inocybe lacera var.  Helobia Kuyper 1986
Inocybe lacera var.  Maritima (P. Karsten 1879) Bon 1984
Inocybe lacera var.  Regularis Kuyper 1986
Inocybe lacera var.  Rhacodes (J. Favre 1955) Kuper 1986
Short-stemmed crack fungus Inocybe langei R. Heim 1931
Woolly crack fungus Inocybe lanuginosa (Bulliard 1788: Fries 1821) P. Kummer 1871
Inocybe lanuginosa var.  Alpina Schmid-Heckel 1988
Inocybe lanuginosa var.  Ovatocystis (Boursier & Kühner 1928) Stangl 1989
Inocybe lavandulochlora Esteve-Raventós & M. Villarreal 2001
Thin-walled cystid fissure Inocybe leptocystis GF Atkinson 1918
Narrow-leaved crack fungus Inocybe leptophylla GF Atkinson 1918
Purple silky crack fungus Inocybe lilacina (Peck 1874) Kauffman 1918
Luminous stem crack fungus Inocybe luteipes J. Favre 1955
Silverroot crack fungus Inocybe maculipes J. Favre 1955
Gray-beige-leaved crack fungus Inocybe margaritispora (Berkeley 1883) Saccardo 1887
Brown booted or nipple cracked fungus Inocybe melanopus DE Stuntz 1954 ('1953')
Very small-pored crack fungus Inocybe minimispora Reumaux 1986
Edged, bulbous crack fungus Inocybe mixtilis (Britzelmayr 1883) Saccardo 1887
Møller's crack fungus Inocybe moelleri Eyssartier & A. Delannoy 2006
Single-colored crack fungus Inocybe monochroa J. Favre 1955
Crown crack fungus Inocybe multicoronata AH Smith 1939
Yellow-brown scaly crack fungus Inocybe muricellata Bresadola 1905
Helmling crack fungus Inocybe mycenoides Kuyper 1986
Shell odor crack fungus Inocybe mytiliodora Stangl & Vauras 1988 ('1987')
Beet-stalked crack fungus Inocybe napipes JE Lange 1917
Inocybe nematoloma Josserand 1974
Adder-stalked crack fungus Inocybe nespiakii Bon 1996
Formerly crack fungus Inocybe nitidiuscula (Britzelmayr 1891) Laplanche 1894
Considerable crack fungus Inocybe oblectabilis (Britzelmayr 1890) Saccardo 1895
Fibrous brown crack fungus Inocybe obscurobadia (J. Favre 1955) Grund & DE Stuntz 1977
Ocher-white crack fungus Inocybe ochroalba Bruylants 1970 ('1969')
Olive-brown crack fungus Inocybe olivaceobrunnea J. Favre 1960 ex Kuyper 1986
Mountain crack fungus Inocybe oreina J. Favre 1955
Inocybe ortegae Esteve-Raventós 2001
Gray-sided crack fungus Inocybe pallida Velenovský 1920
Greasy crack fungus Inocybe paludinella (Peck 1879) Saccardo 1887
Straw-pale crack fungus Inocybe pargasensis Vauras 1997
Pelargonium crack fungus Inocybe pelargonium Kühner 1955
Gray-zoned dwarf crack fungus Inocybe petiginosa
(described as " petiginosus ")
(Frieze 1821: Frieze 1821) Gillet 1876
Cream-edged crack fungus Inocybe phaeodisca Kühner 1955
Inocybe phaeodisca var.  Geophylloides Kühner in Kühner & Romagnesi 1955
Red-brown crack fungus Inocybe phaeoleuca Kühner 1955
Spruce crack fungus Inocybe piceae Stangl & Schwöbel 1985
Falber crack fungus Inocybe posterula (Britzelmayr 1883) Saccardo 1887
Cone-pored crack fungus Inocybe praetervisa Quélet 1883
Hazel-brown crack fungus Inocybe proximella P. Karsten 1882
Frosted crack fungus Inocybe pruinosa R. Heim 1931
False star spore crack fungus Inocybe pseudoasterospora Kühner & Boursier 1932
Inocybe pseudoasterospora var.  Microsperma Kuyper & P.-J. Keizer 1992
Greasy, shiny crack fungus Inocybe pseudodestricta Stangl & J. Veselský 1973
Incorrect hump spore crack fungus Inocybe pseudohiulca Kühner 1933
Dark brown disc fungus Inocybe pseudoreducta Stangl & Glowinski 1981
False round bulb crack fungus Inocybe pseudoumbrina Stangl 1975
Radial cracked fungus Inocybe pusio P. Karsten 1889
Two-colored crack fungus Inocybe putilla Bresadola 1887
Formerly silver fir crack fungus Inocybe queletii Konrad 1929
Yellow-leaved crack fungus Inocybe relicina (Fries 1821: Fries 1821) Quélet 1872
Huge pore crack fungus Inocybe rennyi (Berkeley & Broome 1879) Saccardo 1887
Cone-humped crack fungus Inocybe rivularis Jacobsson & Vauras 1990
Rocabrunas crack fungus Inocybe rocabrunae Esteve-Raventós & Vila 2002
Pink-stemmed crack fungus Inocybe roseipes Malençon 1970
Pine crack fungus Inocybe rufuloides Bon 1984
Inocybe rupestris J. Favre 1955
Inocybe saliceticola Vauras & Kokkonen 2009
Willow crack fungus Inocybe salicis Kühner 1956 ('1955')
Willow shoot fungus Inocybe salicis-herbaceae Kühner 1988
Lilac-white crack fungus Inocybe sambucina (Fries 1821: Fries 1821) Quélet 1872
Inocybe sandrae Zitzmann 2002
Sand crack fungus Inocybe serotina Peck 1904
Wolligfädiger crack fungus Inocybe sindonia (Fries 1838) P. Karsten 1879
Tuberless crack fungus Inocybe soluta Velenovský 1920
Sticky crack fungus Inocybe splendens R. Heim 1931
Scaly dwarf crack fungus Inocybe squarrosa Rea 1916
Skin head crack fungus Inocybe stangliana Kuyper 1986
Inocybe stellatospora (Peck 1873) Massee 1904
Brown-leaved dune crack fungus Inocybe stenospora Stangl & Bresinsky 1983
Teat crack fungus Inocybe striata Bresadola 1930
Grooved crack fungus Inocybe striipes Kühner 1988
Trapezoidal crack fungus Inocybe subcarpta Kühner & Boursier 1932
Naked stalked crack fungus Inocybe subnudipes Kühner 1955
Germ pore crack fungus Inocybe subporospora Kuyper 1986
Cabbage willow crack fungus Inocybe substellata Kühner 1988
Inocybe subtrivialis Esteve-Raventós, M. Villarreal & Heykoop 1997
Riparian forest crack fungus Inocybe tabacina Furrer-Ziogas 1952
Green fleshy crack fungus Inocybe tarda Kühner 1955
Alpine crack fungus Inocybe taxocystis (J. Favre 1955) Singer 1986
Black-footed crack fungus Inocybe tenebrosa Quélet 1885
Inocybe teraturgus MM Moser 1992
Inocybe tetragonospora Kühner 1988
Frosted, bulbous crack fungus Inocybe tjallingiorum Kuyper 1986
Park area crack fungus Inocybe transitoria (Britzelmayr 1881) Saccardo 1887
Tri-colored crack fungus Inocybe tricolor Kühner 1955
Whitish crack fungus Inocybe umbratica Quélet 1884
Inocybe undulatospora Kuyper 1989
Pitcher Cystid Fungus Inocybe urceolicystis Stangl & Vauras 1988 ('1987')
Rust-red crack fungus Inocybe vaccina Kühner 1955
Sand pit crack fungus Inocybe vulpinella Bruylants 1970 ('1969')
White-pink crack fungus Inocybe whitei (Berkeley & Broome 1876) Saccardo 1887
Dark-stemmed crack fungus Inocybe xanthomelas Kühner & Boursier 1933

Systematics

The genus of crack fungi was split into several smaller genera in 2019. The species that combine missing pleurocystids as well as rounded and smooth spores were separated out on the basis of phylogenetic studies and placed in other genera. These are the genera Inosperma ( e.g. Ziegelroter Risspilz , I. erubescens ), Mallocybe ( e.g. Scaled Risspilz , M. terrigena ), Pseudosperma ( e.g. Kegeliger Risspilz , P. rimosum ), Tubariomyces ( e.g. T. inexpectatus ) Auritella and Nothocybe (no European species).

The crack fungi are a very species-rich genus, around 500 species existed worldwide before some species were split off into other genera. According to Bon (2005), the genus is divided into three sub-genres with sections :

The subgenus Inosperma (without crystal- bearing cystids , with the sections Depauperatae , Cervicolores and Rimosae ) no longer belongs to the genus Inocybe.

meaning

Most crack fungi contain muscarin and muscaridin, although the amount can vary considerably within a species depending on location and time. With correspondingly high amounts of poison, they cause the symptoms of muscarinic poisoning . Crack mushrooms are therefore generally not edible mushrooms. Particularly high concentrations of this poison can be found in the earth-leaved crack fungus .

Some types of cracked mushrooms also contain psilocybin and are therefore used as intoxicants. The likelihood of confusion with highly poisonous relatives is extremely high.

swell

literature

  • Marcel Bon: Parey's book of mushrooms. Kosmos (Franckh-Kosmos), 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 .
  • Roth, Frank, Kormann: Poisonous mushrooms, fungal poisons - molds, mycotoxins . Nikol, Hamburg 1990, ISBN 3-933203-42-2 .
  • A. Gminder, T. Böhning: Kosmos nature guide: mushrooms. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, ISBN 3-440-10797-3 .
  • Heinrich Dörfelt , Gottfried Jetschke (Ed.): Dictionary of mycology. 2nd Edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8274-0920-9 .
  • A. Bollmann, Andreas Gminder , P. Reil: List of illustrations of large European mushrooms. 4th edition. Genre CD, Black Forest Mushroom Teaching Show, Hornberg 2007, ISSN  0932-920X
  • J. Stangl : The genus Inocybe in Bavaria. Regensburg 1989. DNB 891211675

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Inocybe - Genus Inocybe (hump spore). Retrieved August 11, 2020 .
  2. Eric Strittmatter: The genus Inocybe . In: fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. October 26, 2010, accessed on August 18, 2012 (including update no.88).
  3. Inocybe - home page. Retrieved August 11, 2020 .
  4. ^ A b P. Brandon Matheny, Alicia M. Hobbs, Fernando Esteve-Raventós: Genera of Inocybaceae: New skin for the old ceremony . In: Mycologia . tape 112 , no. 1 , January 2, 2020, ISSN  0027-5514 , p. 83–120 , doi : 10.1080 / 00275514.2019.1668906 , PMID 31846596 .
  5. René Flammer / Egon Horak: Poison mushrooms - mushroom poisons. Mushroom poisoning. A reference work for doctors, pharmacists, biologists, mycologists, mushroom experts and mushroom pickers . Schwabe, Basel, 2003, ISBN 3-7965-2008-1 , p. 54.

Web links

Commons : Risspilze ( Inocybe )  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files