Crack fungi
Crack fungi | ||||||||||||
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Yellow -leaved crack fungus ( Inocybe relicina ), type species of the genus |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Inocybe | ||||||||||||
( Fr. ) Fr. |
The crack fungi ( Inocybe ) are a species of fungus from the family of the crack fungus relatives .
features
Macroscopic features
The fruiting bodies of Inocybe are small to medium sized, fleshy part agarics , the hat is usually white to gray, ocher yellow to brown, often conical or hunched, radially cracked in part, on which the German name of the genus refers. The surface of the hat is almost smooth, fine to coarse-grained or scaly, also with a ripe-like coating, mostly non-hygrophan and dry, rarely a bit slimy. The velum can be designed as a Cortina . The lamellae are olive-gray to gray-brown, young also whitish in color, deeply bulged or attached, rarely grown broadly. Their cutting edge is often whitish or lightly flaky. The stalk is quite long, cylindrical, centrally positioned, and glabrous to partially or completely frosted, often with Cortina fibers, only rarely ringed. The stem base can also be swollen, bulged, hemmed or tuberous. The whitish to slightly brownish, sometimes reddening meat often has a characteristic smell that is perceived as spermatic . The spore powder is brown.
Microscopic features
Cystids are always present: mostly thick-walled cheilocystids on the cutting edges , often with a crystal head or amorphous caps ( metuloids ), in most species also pleurocystids on the surfaces of the lamellae and metuloid caulocystids on the surface of the stalk. The spores are ellipsoid-bean-shaped or polygonal-bumpy, also star-shaped, but not warty, they have no germ pore . The basidia do not have a brown pigment .
ecology
Most of the crack fungi are ecto mycorrhizal fungi that form symbioses with deciduous and coniferous trees, as well as with dwarf shrubs. Crack fungi can occur in a wide variety of habitats; they are particularly widespread in the temperate zones.
species
The following species and varieties occur or are to be expected in Europe:
Crack fungi ( Inocybe ) in Europe |
Bittersweet crack fungus
Inocybe dulcamaraPear-crack mushroom
Inocybe fraudansEarth-leaved crack fungus
Inocybe geophyllaPurple silky crack fungus
Inocybe lilacinaBulky cracked fungus
Inocybe hystrix
Systematics
The genus of crack fungi was split into several smaller genera in 2019. The species that combine missing pleurocystids as well as rounded and smooth spores were separated out on the basis of phylogenetic studies and placed in other genera. These are the genera Inosperma ( e.g. Ziegelroter Risspilz , I. erubescens ), Mallocybe ( e.g. Scaled Risspilz , M. terrigena ), Pseudosperma ( e.g. Kegeliger Risspilz , P. rimosum ), Tubariomyces ( e.g. T. inexpectatus ) Auritella and Nothocybe (no European species).
The crack fungi are a very species-rich genus, around 500 species existed worldwide before some species were split off into other genera. According to Bon (2005), the genus is divided into three sub-genres with sections :
- Subgenus: Inocibium - with thick-walled, crystal- bearing pleurocystids.
- Section: Lactiferae
- Pear crack fungus ( I. piriodora )
- Section: Lilacinae
- Brown purple crack fungus ( I. obscura )
- Section: Lacerae
- Shaggy crack fungus ( I. lacera )
- Section: Tardae
- Earth-leaved crack fungus ( I. geophylla )
- Section: Splendentes
- Bitter almond crack fungus ( I. hirtella )
- Section: Lactiferae
- Subgenus: Clypeus - spores bumpy or star-shaped
- Section: Cortinatae
- Woolly crack fungus ( I. lanuginosa )
- Section: Petiginosae
- White crack fungus ( I. fibrosa )
- Section: Marginatae
- Star spore crack fungus ( I. asterospora )
- Section: Cortinatae
The subgenus Inosperma (without crystal- bearing cystids , with the sections Depauperatae , Cervicolores and Rimosae ) no longer belongs to the genus Inocybe.
meaning
Most crack fungi contain muscarin and muscaridin, although the amount can vary considerably within a species depending on location and time. With correspondingly high amounts of poison, they cause the symptoms of muscarinic poisoning . Crack mushrooms are therefore generally not edible mushrooms. Particularly high concentrations of this poison can be found in the earth-leaved crack fungus .
Some types of cracked mushrooms also contain psilocybin and are therefore used as intoxicants. The likelihood of confusion with highly poisonous relatives is extremely high.
swell
literature
- Marcel Bon: Parey's book of mushrooms. Kosmos (Franckh-Kosmos), 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 .
- Roth, Frank, Kormann: Poisonous mushrooms, fungal poisons - molds, mycotoxins . Nikol, Hamburg 1990, ISBN 3-933203-42-2 .
- A. Gminder, T. Böhning: Kosmos nature guide: mushrooms. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, ISBN 3-440-10797-3 .
- Heinrich Dörfelt , Gottfried Jetschke (Ed.): Dictionary of mycology. 2nd Edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8274-0920-9 .
- A. Bollmann, Andreas Gminder , P. Reil: List of illustrations of large European mushrooms. 4th edition. Genre CD, Black Forest Mushroom Teaching Show, Hornberg 2007, ISSN 0932-920X
- J. Stangl : The genus Inocybe in Bavaria. Regensburg 1989. DNB 891211675
Individual evidence
- ^ Inocybe - Genus Inocybe (hump spore). Retrieved August 11, 2020 .
- ↑ Eric Strittmatter: The genus Inocybe . In: fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. October 26, 2010, accessed on August 18, 2012 (including update no.88).
- ↑ Inocybe - home page. Retrieved August 11, 2020 .
- ^ A b P. Brandon Matheny, Alicia M. Hobbs, Fernando Esteve-Raventós: Genera of Inocybaceae: New skin for the old ceremony . In: Mycologia . tape 112 , no. 1 , January 2, 2020, ISSN 0027-5514 , p. 83–120 , doi : 10.1080 / 00275514.2019.1668906 , PMID 31846596 .
- ↑ René Flammer / Egon Horak: Poison mushrooms - mushroom poisons. Mushroom poisoning. A reference work for doctors, pharmacists, biologists, mycologists, mushroom experts and mushroom pickers . Schwabe, Basel, 2003, ISBN 3-7965-2008-1 , p. 54.