Granular Umbrellas
| Granular Umbrellas | ||||||||||||
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Amiant granule umbrella ( Cystoderma amiantinum ) |
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| Cystoderma | ||||||||||||
| Chevall. |
The granular umbrella ( Cystoderma ) are a genus of mushroom species from the Squamanitaceae family .
The type species of the genus is the Amiant granular umbrella ( Cystoderma amiantinum ).
features
The representatives of the genus are small to medium-sized species with typically grainy, sometimes wrinkled hat surfaces. The granular hat covering, which is formed from rounded cells, can be wiped off. The hat is colored white, pink, yellow-ocher, orange-brown or wine-reddish. In contrast to the umbrella ( Lepiota ), the whitish to yellowish lamellae are always more or less broadly attached to the stem, so that the hat cannot be separated from the stem without injury. The rising ring, which is more or less the same color as the hat, is also typical. The handle is booted and has a smooth tip. Below the ring or the ring zone it is grainy and scaly. The spore powder is white to pale cream in color and inamyloid. The cap skin contains spherocysts arranged in a chain . The mostly quite small spores are amyloid and do not have a germ pore. Most species do not have cystidia .
The genus Cystoderma used to include the species of the genera Ripartitella and Cystodermella . The genus Cystodermella was described by Harmaja in 2002 to include earlier members of the granular umbrella with inamyloid spores. Representatives of the genus Ripartitella in today's sense also have inamyloid, but in contrast to species of the genus Cystodermella , whose spores are smooth, prickly spores and a differently structured hat covering layer and stem clothing.
ecology
The granular umbrella are saprophytes that are not bound to any particular tree species. They are mostly temperate species that mostly occur in coniferous forests, where they can often be found in the moss layer.
species
Typical and common species are the Amiant granular umbrella ( C. amiantinum ) and the strong-smelling granular umbrella ( C. carcharias ). The genus is widespread in Europe and North America. In Central Europe there are around 12 to 16 species, depending on the species delimitation.
| Granular umbrella ( Cystoderma ) in Europe |
Strong-smelling granule umbrella
Cystoderma carcharias
Skin-ringed granular umbrella
Cystoderma fallax
Long-spore granular umbrella
Cystoderma jasonis
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Systematics
The granular parasols are traditionally placed in the mushroom relatives (Agaricaceae) or in the umbrella relatives family (Lepiotaceae). Bon and many other authors saw the genus in the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae) due to the lamellar position and the trama situation in the hat-stem transition . Molecular studies show that the genus of the granular umbrella in a narrow sense together with the mica flaking and the genus Squamanita s. st. form a common clade , which is to be referred to as the family of the Squamanitaceae .
The representatives of the genus Cystodermella , which were formerly also associated with the granular umbrellas, are not closely related to the granular umbrellas i. e. S. related, but together with the genus Ripartitella form a separate clade.
meaning
All types are inedible.
swell
literature
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Leaf mushrooms I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 .
- Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms . 3. Edition. BLV, Munich 2002, ISBN 978-3-405-14737-2 (639 pages; one-volume new edition of the BLV intensive guide mushrooms 1 and 2).
- Marcel Bon: Parey's book of mushrooms . 1st edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 978-3-440-09970-4 (Original title: The mushrooms and toadstools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer, 362 pages; over 1500 mushrooms in Europe).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Genus Cystoderma. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed November 27, 2011 .
- ^ Joannes Antonius Scopoli: Agaricus amianthinus . In; Flora carniolica 2 . 1772. p. 434.
- ↑ a b c d Irja Saar, Kadri Põldmaa, Urmas Kõljalg: The phylogeny and taxonomy of genera Cystoderma and Cystodermella (Agaricales) based on nuclear ITS and LSU sequences . In: Mycological Progress . tape 8 , no. 1 , March 2009, ISSN 1617-416X , p. 59–73 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-008-0578-9 ( springer.com [accessed April 19, 2020]).
- ↑ Harri Harmaja: Amylolepiota, Clavicybe and Cystodermella, new genera of the Agaricales . In: Karstenia . tape 42 , no. 2 , 2002, p. 39-48 .
- ^ Rolf Singer: New Genera of Fungi. III . In: Mycologia . tape 39 , no. 1 , January 1947, p. 77 , doi : 10.2307 / 3755289 .
- ^ P. Brandon Matheny, Gareth W. Griffith: Mycoparasitism between Squamanita paradoxa and Cystoderma amianthinum (Cystodermateae, Agaricales) . In: Mycoscience . tape 51 , no. 6 , November 2010, p. 456-461 , doi : 10.1007 / S10267-010-0052-9 ( elsevier.com [accessed April 19, 2020]).
- ^ A. Vizzini, G. Consiglio, M. Marchetti: Mythicomycetaceae Fam. Nov. (Agaricineae, Agaricales) for accommodating the Genera Mythicomyces and Stagnicola, and Simocybe Parvispora Reconsidered . In: Fungal Systematics and Evolution . tape 3 , no. 1 , June 15, 2019, ISSN 2589-3823 , p. 225–240 , doi : 10.3114 / fuse.2019.03.05 ( ingentaconnect.com [accessed April 19, 2020]).
- ^ Jean-Marc Moncalvo, Rytas Vilgalys, Scott A Redhead, James E Johnson, Timothy Y James: One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 23 , no. 3 , June 2002, p. 357-400 , doi : 10.1016 / S1055-7903 (02) 00027-1 ( elsevier.com [accessed April 19, 2020]).
