Giant umbrellas

Giant umbrellas
Common giant parasols (parasol mushrooms) on a hay meadow
Systematics
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina Class : Agaricomycetes Subclass : Agaricomycetidae Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales) Family : Mushroom relatives (Agaricaceae) Genre : Giant umbrellas
Scientific name
Macrolepiota
Singer

The giant umbrella ( Macrolepiota ) are a genus of mushrooms from the mushroom relatives family .

features

Adult common giant umbrella (parasol mushroom) in a meadow

Macroscopic features

The giant parasols are large to very large centrally stalked mushroom species with an umbrella-like appearance in old age. The hat is initially spherical. Later it shields, taking on a convex to flat shape and often with a hump. It usually reaches a diameter of 5–25 cm. Its surface is usually whitish, cream, gray, red or dark brown in color. During the development of the fruiting body , the cap skin and usually also the stem surface tear . The cap skin then forms characteristic, often concentrically arranged, fibrous or lumpy scales. Their background is whitish to brownish. The middle of the hat hardly tears. A typical sliding ring remains on the handle . The slats are free and away from the stem. They stand close together and are white to cream in color. The stem becomes 3–25 cm long and 0.7–3 cm thick. It is cylindrical in shape and more or less thickened at the base. Its surface is smooth to fibrous. The meat is whitish in the hat. The smell is insignificant or pleasantly mushroom-like. The taste is mild. The spore powder is white to pink in color.

Microscopic features

The spores are elliptical to ovoid and up to 25 µm long. They are thick-walled and smooth. They have a germ pore that is covered with a hyaline cap. The spores are dextrinoid and metachromatic . The cheilo cystidia are cylindrical, utriform to slightly clubbed and often somewhat irregular in shape. The cap skin is formed from a trichoderm. Buckles are provided.

Generic delimitation

The saffron umbrellas ( Chlorophyllum ) differ in their mostly smaller fruiting bodies, flesh that turns red when injured and a mostly smooth stem.

ecology

All members of the genus are soil-dwelling saprobionts , which often occur on fertilized, nutrient-rich soils. The habitats of the giant umbrella are forest and meadow communities.

species

Based on DNA analyzes , the species around the common saffron umbrella ( Chlorophyllum rachodes , Syn. Macrolepiota rachodes ) were separated into the genus Safranschirmlinge ( Chlorophyllum ), which originally contained only Chlorophyllum molybdites . The maiden giant umbrella or maiden Egerlingsschirmling ( Leucoagaricus nympharum , syn. Macrolepiota nympharum ) was placed in the genus Egerlingsschirmlinge ( Leucoagaricus ). In Europe, the following giant parasols can be expected in the strict sense:

Giant umbrella ( Macrolepiota s. Str. ) In Europe

German name Scientific name Author quote Shimmering giant teat umbrella Macrolepiota affinis ≡  Macrolepiota mastoidea var.  Affinis (Velen. 1920) Bon 1977 (Velen. 1920 em. Locq. 1945) E. Ludw. 2012 Acker giant umbrella Macrolepiota excoriata (Schaeff. 1774) Water 1978 Weakly scaly field giant umbrella Macrolepiota excoriata var.  Heimii (Locq. 1952 ex Bon 1990) E. Ludw. 2012 Reddening field giant umbrella Macrolepiota excoriata var.  Rubescens (LM Dufour 1913) Bon 1981 Giant umbrella with sooty scales Macrolepiota fuligineosquarrosa Malençon 1979 Giant teat umbrella Macrolepiota mastoidea s. st. ≡  Macrolepiota konradii ≡  Macrolepiota rickenii (Fr. 1821) Singer 1951 (Huijsman 1943 ex PD Orton 1960) MM Moser 1967 (Velen. 1939) Bellù & Lanzoni 1987 Macrolepiota mastoidea var.  Atrobrunnea Dermek 1985 Macrolepiota mastoidea var.  Coccineobasalis (Locq. 1945) Bon 1981 Nordic giant umbrella Macrolepiota nordica Bellù & Lanzoni 1986 ad. int. Macrolepiota nordica var.  Subvelata Bon 1993 ad. int. Giant umbrella with green spots Macrolepiota olivascens MM Moser 1953 ex MM Moser & Singer 1961 Macrolepiota olivascens f. pseudo-olivascens ≡  Macrolepiota procera var.  pseudo-olivascens (Bellù & Lanzoni 1987) Hauskn. & Pidlich-Aigner 2004 Bellù & Lanzoni 1987 Dark-disc giant umbrella Macrolepiota phaeodisca Bellù 1984 Common giant umbrella, Parasol Macrolepiota procera (Scopoli 1772: Fr. 1821) Singer 1948 ('1946') Gloomy giant umbrella Macrolepiota procera f. fuliginosa non Macrolepiota fuliginosa (Barla 1888) Vizzini & Contu 2011 (Barla 1888) receipt 1981 ss. Lange, Vellinga Reddening giant umbrella Macrolepiota procera f. permixta ≡  Macrolepiota permixta (Barla 1888) Vizzini & Contu 2011 (Barla 1888) Pacioni 1979 Macrolepiota procera var.  Mediterranea Bon 1993 Unrecognized giant teat umbrella Macrolepiota prominens = Macrolepiota nordica (Sacc. 1887) MM Moser 1967 Bellù & Lanzoni 1986 ad. int. Dune giant umbrella Macrolepiota psammophila ≡  Macrolepiota fuligineosquarrosa f. psammophila Guinb. 1996 (Guinb. 1996) Migl. 1999 Giant star-scaly umbrella Macrolepiota rhodosperma =  Macrolepiota fuliginosa =  Macrolepiota konradii (PD Orton 1984) Migliozzi 1995 (Barla 1888) Receipt 1981 ss. Lange, Vellinga, non ss. orig. (Huijsman 1943 ex PD Orton 1960) MM Moser 1967, non ss. orig. Macrolepiota rhodosperma var.  Velicopia Vizzini & Contu 2011 Giant, finely-scaled umbrella Macrolepiota subsquarrosa (Locq. 1952) Bon 1981

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  Teat umbrella
  Macrolepiota mastoidea

meaning

Not all species of the genus are edible, and many species contain increased arsenic levels (an average of 1.6  ppm was measured), so that too much of the same species from the same location should not be consumed too often. The parasol group in particular contains popular edible mushrooms.

swell

literature

• Henning Knudsen, Jan Vesterholt: Funga Nordica. Agaricoid, boletoid, clavarioid, cyphelloid and gastroid genera . 2nd Edition. Nordsvamp, Copenhagen 2012, ISBN 978-87-983961-3-0 (2 volumes).
• German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 4: Mushrooms. Blattpilze II. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3281-8 .
• Egon Horak: Bolete and agaric mushrooms in Europe . 6th edition. Elsevier , Munich 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1478-4 .

Individual evidence

1. ^ Else C. Vellinga: Key to the species of Chlorophyllum species in North America. (PDF; 2.9 MB) (No longer available online.) In: Homepage of E. Vellinga . University of California, May 2009, archived from the original on August 16, 2010 ; Retrieved August 27, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   
2. Jump up ↑ Else C. Vellinga, Rogier PJ de Kok, Thomas D. Bruns: Phylogeny and taxonomy of Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae) . In: Mycologia . tape 95 , no. 3 . The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence 2003, p. 442–456 ( berkeley.edu [PDF; 343 kB ; accessed on August 14, 2013]).
3. ↑ Gernot Friebes: About the complicated group of saffron and giant parachutes: The genera Chlorophyllum and Macrolepiota (with key) . In: The Tintling . tape 83 , 2013, ISSN  1430-595X , p. 7-27 .
4. Jump up ↑ Else C. Vellinga, Rogier PJ de Kok, Thomas D. Bruns: Phylogeny and taxonomy of Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae). In: Mycologia , 95, No. 3, 2003, pp. 442-456.
5. ^ János Vetter: Toxic elements in certain higher fungi. In: Food Chemistry , 48, No. 2, 1993, pp. 207-208, doi : 10.1016 / 0308-8146 (93) 90060-S .

Web links

Commons : Riesenschirmlinge ( Macrolepiota )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

• Phylogeny and taxonomy of Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae)