Common saffron umbrella
| Common saffron umbrella | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
_Vellinga_144047_crop.jpg)
Common saffron umbrella ( Chlorophyllum rachodes ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Chlorophyllum rachodes | ||||||||||||
| ( Vittad. ) Vellinga , nom. cons. |
The common saffron umbrella or saffron giant umbrella mushroom ( Chlorophyllum rachodes , syn .: Macrolepiota rachodes ) is a species of mushroom from the family of mushroom relatives (Agaricaceae). It is considered an edible mushroom . However, in Central Europe there are other taxa around the species , some of which are of controversial rank. Of these, the poison saffron umbrella ( Chlorophyllum venenatum ) is considered poisonous, the garden saffron umbrella ( Chlorophyllum brunneum ) can probably cause intolerance reactions at least in some people.
features
It has a hat about 8-15 cm, rarely up to 20 cm, wide . The surface is covered on a creamy white over light brown to dark brown background with relatively small, dense, woolly, somewhat protruding red to chestnut or gray-brown scales, some of which are superimposed, which give the hat a "ragged" appearance (see taxonomy and systematics ) . Only the middle of the hat is smooth, but not very distinct. The lamellae are whitish-cream-colored, sometimes with a brownish edge and clearly separated from the stem by an annular bulge. The smooth, at most fine-grained, whitish, brownish discolouring, hollow stalk becomes about 8–15 cm long and 1–2 cm in diameter. He wears a sturdy ring that can be moved with age and is brown on the underside . The base is strongly thickened. When touched, the saffron umbrella changes color from saffron yellow to brownish. The meat is initially white when cut, changes color to saffron orange, blood and brown-red to dirty wine-brown. The smell and taste are pleasant, rarely musty. However, it is poisonous raw and needs to be cooked or fried well.
Ecology and phenology
The common saffron umbrella grows mostly outside of forests, in locations such as gardens, parks, cemeteries, compost deposits, farm meadows and pastures, in forests mostly on roadsides with nitrogen enrichment. It prefers nutrient-rich soils, the pH value plays a lesser role.
The fruiting bodies appear from summer to late autumn.
Species delimitation
The fruiting bodies of the garden saffron umbrella ( Chlorophyllum brunneum ) have a distinct, tuberous stem base. In addition, the hat is covered with light reddish to chestnut brown scales up to the middle. In the center, the cap skin remains coherent and smoothly separated from the rest of the surface. The species also likes to grow in nutrient-rich to over-fertilized areas outside of forests and is considered intolerant to poisonous.
The poison saffron umbrella ( Chlorophyllum venenatum ) is very similar to the garden saffron umbrella, it may be a bit more compact, but the stem length does not exceed the diameter of the hat and its smell is generally described as unpleasant. The simple ring has no running groove. Overall, the macroscopic separation from the garden saffron umbrella is very difficult, the microscopic feature of the buckle-free hyphae is difficult to determine. The poison saffron umbrella loves warmth and colonizes very nutrient-rich locations such as compost heaps and heavily fertilized beds and greenhouses. Possibly it is a southern European species that only occurs adventively in Central Europe , but it is probably a phantom and identical to the garden saffron umbrella.
Chlorophyllum molybdites is a toadstool nativeto North America, but it has also been found in Europe. It prefers warm locations and occurs in gardens and parks. In contrast to the common saffron umbrella, it has green spore powder, which also gives the lamellae of older fruiting bodies a greenish tinge.
The olive-brown saffron umbrella ( Chlorophyllum olivieri ) is the most common species of the genus in Germany. It differs from the common saffron umbrella in the lack of contrast between the scales and the surface of the hat, as well as the growth in the forest (especially saprobionic in the coniferous spruce ). In the literature, the olive brown is often incorrectly depicted instead of the common saffron umbrella. The olive brown saffron umbrella is a good edible mushroom.
Taxonomy and systematics
The scientific species name rachodes from Vittadini's original diagnosis is considered misspelled by some mycologists. They argue that the species name derives from the Greek rhakodes (ragged, torn) to rhakos (rags, rags) and refers to the scaly surface of the hat. It is disputed whether the species name contains a spelling mistake and can be corrected, or whether the spelling of Vittadini is binding. In 2010 the mycologist Else Vellinga applied for a conservation application to protect the original species name.
Not all authors place this group of fungi in the genus Chlorophyllum : They are often included in the genus Giant Umbrella ( Macrolepiota ). The delimitation of the taxon venenata or venenatum as an independent species is also controversial.
Gernot Friebes uses the German name Keulenstieliger Garten-Safranschirmling for the species.
swell
literature
- Marcel Bon: Parey's book of mushrooms . 1st edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 978-3-440-09970-4 (Original title: The mushrooms and toadstools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer, 362 pages; over 1500 mushrooms in Europe).
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 4: Mushrooms. Blattpilze II. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3281-8 .
- Winfried Schmitt: Again poisoning by giant umbrella mushroom . In: The Tintling . tape 49 , no. 4 . Karin Monday, 2006, ISSN 1430-595X , p. 64 .
- Ewald Gerhardt: Mushrooms - determine accurately with the triple check (= TopGuideNatur ). blv, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-405-16128-2 , p. 29 .
- Bruno Hennig: paperback for mushroom friends . 7th edition. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, Jena 1979, p. 52 (Order No. 533 078 3).
Individual evidence
- ^ Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF): Prop. 1927, Proposal to conserve the name Agaricus rachodes (Basidiomycota) with that [Vittadini's original] spelling. In: Nomenclature Committee for Fungi Commentary . tape 16 , January 25, 2012, p. 7–18 (English, online in the Internet Archive as a memento from March 13, 2016 [PDF; 410 kB ; accessed on December 1, 2017]).
- ^ Else C. Vellinga: Type Studies in Agaricaceae. Chlorophyllum rachodes and Allies. (PDF; 1.9 MB) Mycotaxon LXXXV, pp. 259-270. P. 264
- ^ Carlo Vittadini: Agaricus rachodes Vittad. 1835 . Descr. fung. mang. Italia 158.
- ↑ Else C. Vellinga, Shaun R. Pennycook: Making a case for the original spelling of an epithet: 'Correction' of the original spelling of Agaricus rachodes to Agaricus rhacodes (Basidiomycota) is unjustified . In: Taxon . Volume 59, No. 2, 2010, ISSN 0040-0262 (Print), ISSN 1996-8175 (Online), pp. 623-627 (English, PDF file; 348.2 kB ( Memento from December 3, 2015 on the Internet Archive ), page on the article with abstract and preview in JSTOR , page on the article with abstract in Ingenta Connect, control numbers of the journal: Internet edition: ZDB -ID 2081189-5 , print edition: ZDB -ID 204216-2 , LCCN sf81 -002028 ).
- ↑ Else C. Vellinga, Shaun R. Pennycook: (1927) Proposal to conserve the name Agaricus rachodes (Basidiomycota) with that spelling ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: Taxon . Volume 59, No. 2, 2010, ISSN 0040-0262 (Print), ISSN 1996-8175 (Online), p. 644 (English, page on the article with free download option in Ingenta Connect, page on the article in JSTOR , PDF file [167.88 kB], control numbers of the journal: Internet edition: ZDB -ID 2081189-5 , print edition: ZDB -ID 204216-2 , LCCN sf81-002028 ).
- ↑ Gernot Friebes: About the complicated group of saffron and giant parachutes: The genera Chlorophyllum and Macrolepiota. In: Der Tintling, No. 83. Karin Monday, 2013, accessed on March 31, 2020 .
Web links
- Frank Moser: Saffron umbrella mushroom ( Macrolepiota rachodes ). In: Natur-Lexikon.com . Retrieved August 1, 2012 .