Juices
| Juices | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conical sapling ( Hygrocybe conica ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Hygrocybe | ||||||||||||
| ( Fr. ) P. Kumm. |
The saplings ( Hygrocybe ) are a genus of mushrooms from the family of snail relatives . Because of the glassy to waxy meat , they are also known as glass heads . A number of species stand out for their brightly colored fruit bodies . They mostly prefer low-nutrient locations, which is why they are also used as pointer types for assessing the quality of biotopes. All juices are protected in Germany.
The type species is the conical sapling ( Hygrocybe conica ).
features
The saplings form relatively small to medium-sized, often very vividly colored and structured in hat and stem fruit bodies. The hat can be conical or convex, partially pointed or bluntly hunched. The smooth or finely flaky surface of the hat is slimy to smooth, often hygrophan (becomes blotchy when wet). The lamellae, which are glass or waxy like the meat, are almost distant or distant, run down the handle or grown broadly on it and are partly connected with each other in a cross vein. Saplings have no velum . The cylindrical stem, like the cap skin, can be dry or slimy. The spore powder is white to creamy white.
ecology
The species of the genus are usually inhabitants of grasslands, in particular nutrient-poor meadows and pastures, dry grasslands are populated, some species populate raised bogs, peat moss or moss cushions. It is highly likely that the saplings are saprobionts , possibly also symbionts with plants. Most of the species are fungi that are specialized in particularly nutrient-poor, usually quite dry locations, which are sensitive to nutrient inputs, intensive grazing and (especially mineral) fertilization and then usually die out in the affected location.
species
| Saplings ( Hygrocybe ) in Europe |
Shiny orange juice
Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens
Lime-loving felt sapling
Hygrocybe calciphila
Chanterelle sapling
Hygrocybe cantharellus
Fragile gold sapling
Hygrocybe ceracea
Blunt sapling
Hygrocybe chlorophana
Greenish-yellow sap Hygrocybe citrinovirens
Cherry red sap Hygrocybe coccinea
Hygrocybe coccineocrenata with a fine
flaky bog sap
Conical sap
Hygrocybe conica
Schleimfuß-Saftling Hygrocybe glutinipes
Swamp or garlic
juice Hygrocybe helobia
Fire-scaly sap Hygrocybe intermedia
Red red sapling Hygrocybe miniata
Non-reddening nitrate
sap Hygrocybe nitrata
Reddening sap
Hygrocybe ovina
Largest sap
Hygrocybe punicea
Honey sapling
Hygrocybe reidii
Magnificent sap
Hygrocybe splendidissima
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Systematics
The saplings include around 150 species worldwide, of which around 40 occur in Europe. The genus is divided into 2 sub-genres with different sections.
Some species of the Glutinosae section (for example the parrot green sapling ) are now separated into the genus Schleimsaftlinge ( Gliophorus ) due to other color pigments and new phylogenetic findings . The rose-red sapling was also separated into the genus Porpolomopsis . The genus Gloioxanthomyces was established for the yolk-yellow sapling ( Hygrocybe vitellina ) . Earlier, the Ellerlinge were also assigned to the saplings as a subgenus Cuphophyllus . Today, however, they form their own genus because they are not closely related to the genus despite the similar looking fruiting bodies.
This is how the juices used to be divided:
- Subgenus Hygrocybe
- Hygrocybe section
- Rose-red sapling ( Hygrocybe calyptriformis )
-
Conical sapling ( Hygrocybe conica )
- Rotblättriger dune Saftling ( Hygrocybe conica var. Conicoides )
- Swamp or garlic juice ( Hygrocybe Helobia )
- Fire-scaly sapling ( Hygrocybe intermedia )
- Broad-pored sapling ( Hygrocybe konradii )
- Saffron yellow sapling ( Hygrocybe persistens )
- Brown-yellow sapling ( Hygrocybe spadicea )
- Round-pored sapling ( Hygrocybe subglobispora )
- Section Chorophanae
- Blunt sapling ( Hygrocybe chlorophana )
- Hygrocybe flavescens also listed as a variety of the blunt sap
- Subgenus Pseudohygrocybe
- Section Coccinae
- Shiny orange juice ( Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens )
- Lime-loving felt sapling ( Hygrocybe calciphila )
- Fragile gold sapling ( Hygrocybe ceracea )
- Cherry red sapling ( Hygrocybe coccinea )
- Fine-scaly bog sapling ( Hygrocybe coccineocrenata )
- Small Schnürspor Sapling ( Hygrocybe constrictospora )
- Garlic Juice ( Hygrocybe helobia )
- Funnel-shaped or chanterelle sapling ( Hygrocybe cantharellus or Hygrocybe lepida )
- Notched Orange Juice ( Hygrocybe marchii )
- Mennigot sapling ( Hygrocybe miniata )
- Non-reddening nitrate sap ( Hygrocybe murinacea or Hygrocybe nitrata )
- Schnürsporiger Saftling ( Hygrocybe obrussea )
- Reddening sapling ( Hygrocybe nitosa or Hygrocybe ovina )
- Black frosted sapling ( Hygrocybe phaeococcinea )
- Garnet red sapling ( Hygrocybe punicea )
- Honey sapling ( Hygrocybe reidii )
- Fornicatae section
- Pale gray sapling ( Hygrocybe fornicata )
- Section glutinosae
- Slimy Orange Juice ( Hygrocybe aurantioviscida )
- Mucous foot sapling ( Hygrocybe glutinipes )
- Yellow-tipped sapling ( Hygrocybe insipida )
- Gray sapling ( Hygrocybe irrigata or Hygrocybe unguinosa )
- Tough sapling ( Hygrocybe laeta )
- Yolk yellow sapling ( Hygrocybe vitellina or Hygrocybe luteolaeta )
-
Parrot green sapling ( Hygrocybe psittacina )
- Brick-brown sapling ( Hygrocybe psittacina var. Perplexa )
- Bitter sap ( Hygrocybe mucronella or Hygrocybe reai )
- Section Coccinae
meaning
All saplings are under nature protection in Germany, so the edible species are also out of the question as edible mushrooms. The saplings are important in nature conservation as important indicator species; their occurrence indicates the existence of valuable, nutrient-poor, largely undisturbed meadow and dry grass communities.
Danger
The saplings are generally residents of nutrient-poor grasslands; many species in Central Europe are endangered in their existence due to the conversion of dry grass and nutrient-poor pastures into high-yield grassland and the entry of nutrients from the air or from adjacent agricultural areas. For Danish sap occurrences (according to Gminder also applicable for Germany) the following classification of sap occurrences was carried out: Sites with 17 to 32 types of sap in total, during a single control 11 to 20 species are of national importance for nature conservation, sites with 9 to 16 are of regional importance (during an inspection 6 to 10) species, of local importance those with 4 to 8 (3 to 5) species, while locations with only 1 to 3 species are rather insignificant.
swell
literature
- David Boertmann: The genus Hygrocybe . In: Fungi of Northern Europe . 2nd Edition. Vol. 1. Danish Mycological Society, 2010, ISBN 978-87-983581-7-6 .
- Achim Bollmann, Andreas Gminder , Peter Reil: List of illustrations of large European mushrooms . In: Yearbook of the Black Forest mushroom teaching show . 4th edition. Volume 2. Schwarzwälder Pilzlehrschau, 2007, ISSN 0932-920X (301 pages; directory of the color images of almost all large European mushrooms (> 5 mm) incl. CD with over 600 species descriptions).
- Massimo Candusso: Hygrophorus s. l. In: Fungi Europaei . tape 6 . Edizioni Candusso, Alassio (Italy) 1997 (784 pages; incl.Hygrocybe ).
- Heinrich Dörfelt , Gottfried Jetschke (Ed.): Dictionary of mycology. 2nd Edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8274-0920-9 .
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Leaf mushrooms I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . tape 1 , 1871, p. 1-146 .
- ^ Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter, JA Stalpers: Dictionary of the Fungi . 10th edition. CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 (784 pages).
- ↑ Andreas Bresinsky, I. Kronawitter: On the knowledge of hygrocybene pigments . In: Journal of Mycology . tape 52 , no. 2 , 1986 ( PDF; 6.44 MB ).
- ↑ Andreas Bresinsky: The genera Hydropus to Hypsizygus with information on the ecology and distribution of the species . Contributions to a mycoflora in Germany (2). In: Regensburger Mykologische Schriften . tape 15 . IHW-Verlag, 2008, ISSN 0944-2820 .
- ^ A b D. Jean Lodge, Mahajabeen Padamsee, P. Brandon Matheny, M. Catherine Aime, Sharon A. Cantrell, David Boertmann, Alexander Kovalenko, Alfredo Vizzini, Bryn TM Dentinger, Paul M. Kirk, A. Martyn Ainsworth, Jean -Marc Moncalvo, Rytas Vilgalys, Ellen Larsson, Robert Lücking, Gareth W. Griffith, Matthew E. Smith, Lorelei L. Norvell, Dennis E. Desjardin, Scott A. Redhead, Clark L. Ovrebo, Edgar B. Lickey, Enrico Ercole , Karen W. Hughes, Régis Courtecuisse, Anthony Young, Manfred Binder, Andrew M. Minnis, Daniel L. Lindner, Beatriz Ortiz-Santana, John Haight, Thomas Læssøe, Timothy J. Baroni, József Geml, Tsutomu Hattori: Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales) . In: Fungal Diversity . October 2013, doi : 10.1007 / s13225-013-0259-0 ( PDF; 4.24 MB ).
- ↑ P. Brandon Matheny and Judd M. Curtis, Valérie Hofstetter, M. Catherine Aime, Jean-Marc Moncalvo, Zai-Wei Ge and Zhu-Liang Yang, Jason C. Slot, Joseph F. Ammirati, Timothy J. Baroni, Neale L. Bougher, Karen W. Hughes, D. Jean Lodge, Richard W. Kerrigan, Michelle T. Seidl, Duur K. Aanen, Matthew DeNitis, Graciela M. Daniele, Dennis E. Desjardin, Bradley R. Kropp, Lorelei L. Norvell, Andrew Parker, Else C. Vellinga, Rytas Vilgalys, David S. Hibbett: Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview . In: Mycologia . tape 98 (6) . Mycological Society of America, 2006, pp. 982–995 , doi : 10.3852 / mycologia.98.6.982 ( PDF; 1.90 MB ).
