Knights
| Knights | ||||||||||||
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Common earth knight ( Tricholoma terreum ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Tricholoma | ||||||||||||
| ( Fr. ) Perennial |
The knightlings ( Tricholoma ) are a genus of mushrooms with relatively thick-fleshed species from the family of knightly relatives . The origin of the scientific name Tricholoma (= hairy edge) refers to the bearded knight , while the German name "Ritterling", according to legend, refers to the mushrooms that were reserved for knights .
features
The hat surface can be flaky, greasy, dry or hairy. In contrast to the brittle Täublingen is meat of tricholoma always fibrous-brittle. For some species, a strong odor is sometimes characteristic. The stem is fleshy and brittle, with a few exceptions ringless and never bulbous at the base. The lamellae are attached to the stem, typically bulging and not running down. The spore powder is white in color.
Ecology and phenology
Knights always grow on the ground and near trees, as they are mycorrhizal builders.
Many species typically fructify in late autumn or early winter.
species
The genus Tricholoma comprises around 200 species worldwide, of which around 50 occur in Europe.
| Knightlings ( Tricholoma ) in Europe |
Orange-red knight
Tricholoma aurantium
Greenling
Tricholoma equestre
Fast-ringed knight
Tricholoma fracticum
Fine-scaled knight
Tricholoma imbricatum
Cheeky knight
Tricholoma lascivum
Tiger Knight
Tricholoma pardinum
Soap knight
Tricholoma saponaceum
Common sulfur knight
Tricholoma sulphureum
Common earth knight
Tricholoma terreum
Bearded knight
Tricholoma vaccinum
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Systematics
The genus of the knightlings includes over 50 species in Central Europe. The following types are only a selection. The subdivision into sections is based on Bon (1988).
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Section saponacea : mushrooms with normal, smooth or silky cap skin. The smell and taste are perceived as unpleasant. Hyphae with buckles.
- Soap knight ( T. saponaceum ) - smell of laundry room, soap.
- Cheeky knight ( T. lascivum ) - smell very intrusive.
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Inamoena section : mushrooms with a matt or velvety cap skin. The smell is perceived as disgusting. Few buckles.
- Annoying knight ( T. inamoenum ) - with a repulsive odor.
- Common sulfur knight ( T. sulphureum ) - of sulfur-yellow color, smell of gas.
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Virgata section : The surface of the hat is fibrous to scaly. With a sharp or bitter taste. The smell is perceived as rather unpleasant.
- Burning knight ( T. virgatum )
- Bitter beech knightling ( T. bresadolianum )
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Section of Pardinocutis : The surface of the hat has broad, not very crowded scales. Hyphae with buckles and pigments.
- Tiger knightling ( T. pardinum , syn. T. tigrinum ) - large, highly poisonous species!
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Section Atrosquamosa , Erd-Ritterlinge: With a velvety to felt-like scaly hat surface and dark brown to dark gray color. Usually pleasant smell and mild taste. Hyphae without buckles. Many edible species.
- Black-scaly Earth Knight ( T. atrosquamosum ) - edible
- Common earth knight ( T. terreum ) - edible.
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Section Tricholoma : The hat is more or less smeary, mostly bright yellow or greenish, less often white or gray. Usually the hyphae are without buckles.
- Greenling ( T. equestre , syn. T. flavovirens ) - fatally poisonous for those with a predisposition.
- Green and yellow knight ( T. sejunctum )
- Silky knightling ( T. columbetta ) - pure white, edible but risk of confusion with death cap mushrooms !
- Black-fiber knight , soot head ( T. portentosum ) - rough, under pines, edible.
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Section Imbricata : With a dry and flaky hat surface. Yellow-brown to rust-brown colors.
- Brown- scaly knight ( T. imbrictaum )
- Bearded knight ( T. vaccinum ) - with a fringed ("bearded") hat rim
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Section Albobrunnea : Bald, more or less greasy hat skin. Brown colors. Some types with ring.
- Poplar knightling ( T. populinum ) - among poplars
- Giant Knight ( T. colossus ) - largest knight, hat up to 30 cm in diameter
- Orange-red knightling ( T. aurantium ) - under pine and spruce trees
- Copper-brown collar knight ( T. robustum ) - with ring
- False crocodile knight ( T. caligatum ) - with ring, very rare north of the Alps.
- Real crocodile knight or matsutake ( T. matsutake ) - very similar to the false crocodile knight, possibly the same species. Occurrence in East Asia. One of the most popular and expensive edible mushrooms in Japan.
meaning
Many knights are inedible because of their taste or smell. Few knights are edible ( earth knight , black fiber knight ), but there is a high risk of confusion with inedible or poisonous species. Quite a few knightly knights are suspicious of poison or even poisonous to highly poisonous ( tiger knight ), this applies in particular to the common species with brown hats. The green mushroom, which has long been considered a good edible mushroom, must now be warned against consuming it after several deaths occurred in France a few years ago. It is now known that in such cases of poisoning it is very likely that there is a genetic predisposition in humans that is not very common.
swell
literature
- Marcel Bon: Parey's book of mushrooms . 1st edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 978-3-440-09970-4 (Original title: The mushrooms and toadstools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer, 362 pages; over 1500 mushrooms in Europe).
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Leaf mushrooms I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 .
- Alfredo Riva: Tricholoma . In: Fungi Europaei . tape 3 . Edizione Candusso, Alessio (I) 2003, ISBN 88-901057-1-2 (824 pages; 90 color photos, several micro drawings, 96 color plates by A. Dermek, E. Rebaudengo and JP Beati, Italian, key also in English).
- Alfredo Riva: Tricholoma (Supplement) . In: Fungi Europaei . 3A. Edizione Candusso, Alessio (I) 2003, ISBN 88-901057-0-4 (204 pages; 90 color photos and micro drawings by the author, 5 color plates by JP Beati and 1 by E. Grilli, Italian, key also in English).
- Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Mushrooms of Switzerland. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 3: Bolete and agaric mushrooms. Part 1: Strobilomycetaceae and Boletaceae, Paxillaceae, Gomphidiacea, Hygrophoracea, Tricholomataceae, Polyporaceae (lamellar). Mykologia, Luzern 1991, ISBN 3-85604-030-7 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter, JA Stalpers: Dictionary of the Fungi . 10th edition. CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 (784 pages).
- ↑ Eric Strittmatter, Harald Zühlsdorf: The genus Tricholoma . In: fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. August 15, 2009, accessed on August 17, 2012 (including update no.68).
