Common earth knight
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Common earth knight ( Tricholoma terreum ) |
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| ( Schaeff .: Fr. ) P. Kummer |
The common earth knight ( Tricholoma terreum ) is a leaf fungus from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae).
features
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Macroscopic features
The hat reaches a diameter between five and seven centimeters. It is dark gray to gray-brown in color. The surface is dry and provided with pressed blackish, radial fibers or with fine flakes. However, it is not woolly. The outermost brim of the hat is curved downwards. The hat has a distinct hump in the middle. The lamellae are wide and are initially relatively close, later removed. At first they are colored white, but later on, starting from the edge of the hat, they take on a gray shade. Sometimes they are stained with rust. The cutting edges are uneven to sawn. The spore powder is white. The stem becomes five to seven inches long and 1 to 1.5 inches thick. It is whitish in color, but takes on rust-brown discoloration after touching it. Its surface is bare, but at the top it is finely floury and flaky. The base is sometimes thickened. The flesh is whitish and soft. The smell is neutral and not flour-like. The taste is mild and also not farinaceous.
Microscopic features
The spores are inamyloid and are 5 to 8 by 4 to 5 micrometers in size. The pigment in the cap skin appears conspicuous compared to the rest of the tissue.
Species delimitation
The great earth knight ( Tricholoma gausapatum ) and the mouse gray earth knight ( T. myomyces ) are particularly similar . The non-floury smell and taste as well as different spore sizes are sometimes given as separating characteristics. However, some authors argue that this information is misleading or incorrect. The fibrous hat and its occurrence in pines on limestone soils with the common earth knight are considered to be relatively reliable , while the other two have a woolly, scaly hat. The large earth knight prefers parks and similar biotopes, the mouse gray earth knight prefers a mycorrhiza with deciduous trees. Furthermore, these two knightlings have a clearly recognizable cortina up to the stage of young fruiting bodies , while the common earth knight already loses this with a hat diameter of one millimeter.
Other species that can be confused with are the burning knightling ( Tricholoma virgatum ) and its close and poisonous relative, the bitter beech knightling ( T. sciodes ). They differ in their sharp, bitter taste. The rare black- edged knightly knight ( T. hordum ) with very dark lamellar edges and occurrence in beech forests and the also very rare, poisonous heather knightly ( T. groanense ) with an almost smooth to finely velvety- felted scaly hat have similarities . Both taste unpleasantly tart. The mild-tasting tiger knight ( T. pardinum ) is also poisonous . It has large scales arranged almost like roof tiles and 8 to 11 micrometers long spores. Another toadstool is the soap knight ( T. saponaceum ). His hat is often lighter in color and smoother, the lamellas usually tinted greenish-yellow. A distinctive feature is its laundry room smell.
The gray-leaved knight ( T. luridum ) and the black-fiber knight ( T. portentosum ) can also lead to confusion. However, the former has an olive-brown hat skin under the hat fibers. The latter has a hat that is smeary in damp weather and shiny in dry weather. The hat surface of both types is smooth.
The black-scaly knight ( T. atrosquamosum ) with blackish scales on the stem, the small soot- stalked earth knight ( T. triste ) with also dark-scaly stem, the reddening knight ( T. orirubens ) with reddening flesh and the yellowing earth knight can also be similar ( T. argyraceum ) with yellowing meat. The ringed earth knight ( T. cingulatum ) always has at least one recognizable ring zone.
Across all genuses, there is most likely a possibility of confusion with crack fungi ( Inocybe ). However, these are usually lighter in color and usually more delicate. In addition, they lack the bulging lamellar approach typical of knights.
ecology
The common earth knight can be found in and outside of forests. Forest edge and hedge communities, spruce and forest pine forests and forests are among the preferred biotopes. It also likes to grow on clear cuts, clearings, forest roadsides, parks and similar areas. The fungus primarily colonizes dry to fresh, more or less shallow, alkaline and base-rich soils that are supplied with moderate to abundant nutrients. It can be found on sandy, silty to slightly clayey soils on calcareous parent rock or sometimes after forest flooring or along lime gravel forest paths.
The fruiting bodies appear from the end of July to November, but mostly in late autumn until the first prolonged night frosts. But it can still occur in large numbers after the first frosts. With appropriate weather conditions it can occur a little earlier or into January. The fungus occurs in groups, sometimes in rows and in more or less closed witch rings . It forms an ecto mycorrhiza with conifers, whereby this is the forest pine in most cases .
distribution
The common earth knight is common in the Holarctic . It can be found in North America, Europe, the Canary Islands , North Africa and North Asia. In Europe, the area stretches from France in the west to Estonia and Belarus in the east and south to Spain, the Balearic Islands , Italy, Sicily and Greece and north to the Hebrides , Fennoscandinavia and Iceland. In Finland it occurs up to the 68th parallel.
meaning
Erd-Ritterling is an edible mushroom whose edibility is now controversial. According to the Generalitat de Catalunya , the earth knight is one of the most collected mushrooms in the region of Catalonia.
According to a recent study, a Chinese research group was able to induce rhabdomyolysis in mice using high-dose extracts of the fungus. As a result, the question of the supposed toxicity of "Petit gris", as the mushroom is called in France and traded as an edible mushroom, irritated mushroom pickers. Erd-Ritterling was classified by the German Society for Mycology on the basis of this study as a species with inconsistently assessed food value. The all-clear was u. a. by Prof. Dr. Siegmar Berndt, Toxicology of the German Society for Mycology , calculated that people weighing 70 kg would have to ingest around 46 kg of fresh mushrooms so that on average half of them would suffer damage.
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literature
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Leaf mushrooms I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms . 4th edition. BLV, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0053-3 , p. 100 .
- ↑ a b c d e German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg. Volume 3: Mushrooms. Leaf mushrooms I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 .
- ↑ Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-440-12408-6 , pp. 162 .
- ↑ Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-440-14982-9 , pp. 154 .
- ↑ Andreas Gminder : Handbook for mushroom collectors: safely identify 340 species of Central Europe . Franckh Kosmos Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-440-14364-3 , pp. 131 .
- ↑ Generalitat de Catalunya : Edible mushrooms most commonly found in Catalonia. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 24, 2018 ; accessed on July 11, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Xia Yin, Tao Feng, Jian-Hua Shang, Yun-Li Zhao, Fang Wang, Zheng-Hui Li, Ze-Jun Dong, Xiao-Dong Luo, Ji-Kai Liu: Chemical and Toxicological Investigations of a Previously Unknown Poisonous European Mushroom Tricholoma terreum . In: Chemistry - A European Journal . tape 20 , no. 23 , June 2, 2014, p. 7001-7009 , doi : 10.1002 / chem . 201400226 .
- ↑ Heping Xia: Fatal toxins found in 'edible' wild mushrooms , in: Chemistry World, June 16, 2014
- ↑ Karin Montag: food value disputed. Episode 7: Knights . In: The Tintling . Issue 2/2015, No. 93 , p. 53-62 .
- ↑ DGfM - Technical Committee Mushroom Utilization and Toxicology: Mushrooms with inconsistent food value (PDF) . May 8, 2018, accessed July 11, 2018 .
- ^ Siegmar Berndt: Poison in the Erdritterling . In: The Tintling . Issue 1/2016, No. 98 , p. 32-33 .
- ↑ Piotr Rzymski, Piotr Klimaszyk: Is the Yellow Knight Mushroom Edible or Not? A Systematic Review and Critical Viewpoints on the Toxicity of Tricholoma equestre , in: Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety , Volume 17, Number 5, 2018, pp. 1309-1324, doi: 10.1111 / 1541-4337.12374 (English)
- ↑ Paolo Davoli, Marco Floriani, Francesca Assisi, Karl Kob, Nicola Sitta: Comment on “Chemical and Toxicological Investigations of a Previously Unknown Poisonous European Mushroom Tricholoma terreum” , in: Chemistry Europe, March 10, 2016, doi: 10.1002 / chem. 201406655 (English)
