Yellowing earth knight
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Yellowing earth knight ( Tricholoma scalpturatum ) |
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| ( Bull. ) Gillet |
The conditionally edible but inferior yellow or silver- gray earth knight ( Tricholoma scalpturatum , syn. Tricholoma argyraceum ) is a type of mushroom from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae). It is a silver-gray to gray-brown-capped, fine-grained to scaled knight, with a floury smell and yellowing meat and lamellas. The fruiting bodies of the mycorrhizal fungus appear from May to November in deciduous and coniferous forests as well as in parks and gardens.
features
Macroscopic features
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The dry, matt hat is 3–8 cm wide. It is initially arched to conical, but soon flattens out and then has a more or less distinct blunt hump in the middle. The very thin, sharp edge remains bent down for a long time and is hung with fine fibers. In old age it is often torn and stained with yellow. The surface is gray to dark gray with radial fibers or finely flaky on a light gray or gray-brownish background. The somewhat fleshy middle of the hat is darker in color. Because the fruiting bodies are yellow, older specimens are pale gray-yellow in color.
The almost crowded, whitish lamellae are bulging on the handle and run down with a tooth. They are more or less mixed in and yellow when ripe fruit bodies are touched or after long periods of lying. The spore powder is white.
The stuffed to hollow-fiber and unringed stem is 3–8 cm long and 0.3–1.2 cm wide. It is white to grayish-whitish and has a soft, silky to fine-fibred surface, the tip of the handle is finely flaky. Young stems are hung with fleeting, fibrous remnants of velum , later it turns yellow and particularly touched areas turn yellow to ocher-gray. The thin, rather soft, yellowing flesh is white to gray-whitish in color. It smells slightly floury and tastes earthy, floury and mild.
Microscopic features
The inamyloid , smooth and hyaline spores are elliptical and measure 5–7 × 3–4 µm.
Species delimitation
The yellowing earth knight differs from the very similar common earth knight ( T. terreum ) primarily in the floury-smelling and yellowing flesh, and the whole fruiting body usually looks more delicate. The also very similar ringed earth knight ( T. cingulatum ) differs through its pronounced stem ring. It is separated microscopically by its slightly smaller spores. All other characteristics, such as smell and taste, largely agree with the yellowing earth knight. Another similar and related species is the pointed knight ( T. inocyboides A. Pearson ). Today it is only regarded as a variety of the yellowing earth knight. It is the smallest fungus from this group that, with its pointed, barely scaly hat, is strongly reminiscent of a crack fungus. It also smells like flour, but especially in older specimens, the smell also has a very unpleasant component.
The tiger knight ( T. pardinum ) is also very similar . It is larger and more stocky and young fruiting bodies usually have a slightly bulbous, bulbous stem. The silver-gray hat is usually more coarsely scaled and in damp weather you can often find water pearls on the lamellae and the tip of the handle. The knight also tastes mild and smells like the yellowing earth knight of flour. The species is very rare in northern Germany, but occurs somewhat more frequently in the limestone regions of central and southern Germany.
Some authors separate the species T. argyraceum (sensu lato) , understood here in a broad sense, into two species: Tricholoma scalpturatum and in ( T. argyraceum ) sensu stricto. T. argyraceum s. s. should have a finely silver-white-fiber, not scaly hat and be overall slimmer. It should also smell less clearly of flour and yellow less strongly.
ecology
The yellowing earth knight grows in often grassy beech and fir forests with and without interspersed spruce, as well as in corresponding oak-hornbeam and deciduous tree forests, but also in spruce forests. It occurs comparatively rarely in alluvial and swamp forests. Instead, it can be found very often at the edges of forest roads, in clearings and in bushes, but also in parks and gardens. The fungus grows in places that are not too shady, on fresh, neutral to alkaline, as well as nutrient-saturated soils, mostly over limestone, calcareous sands or marls.
The mycorrhizal fungus can partner with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The most common accompanying trees are beech, birch, spruce, oak and pine. The fruiting bodies appear in groups or in droves from May to November. The mushroom grows both in the lowlands and in the mountains, in the Swiss Alps the knight rises to an altitude of 2650 m.
distribution
The yellowing earth knight was found in North America (USA, Canada), South America (Chile), North Asia (East Siberia, Japan), North Africa (Morocco), on the Canary Islands and in Europe. In the Holarctic its range is meridional to boreal . It is probably common all over Europe. In the south it can be found from Spain to Italy to Greece, Romania and the Ukraine. It is also found throughout Western Europe, in Great Britain it is distributed northward to the Hebrides. In the north it is found all over Fennoscandinavia and Iceland. In Norway and Sweden it is distributed up to the 68th parallel.
meaning
The yellowing earth knight is basically edible, but it is so inferior that it can at best be used as a mixed mushroom. In many mushroom guides it is even described as inedible, not least because inexperienced mushroom pickers can easily confuse the yellowing earth knight with the poisonous tiger knight. The tiger knight is not life-threatening, but can cause quite unpleasant and protracted intestinal disorders.
swell
- Paul Kirk: Tricholoma argyraceum. In: Species Fungorum. Retrieved January 30, 2014 .
- Tricholoma argyraceum. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed January 30, 2014 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Ewald Gerhardt: Mushrooms. Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, pigeons, milklings and other groups with lamellas (= spectrum of nature / BLV intensive guide ). BLV, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 77 .
- ↑ a b c Hermann Jahn: Mushrooms all around. A paperback for determining u. Look up around 500 native mushroom species . Park-Verlag, Hamburg 1949 ( online ).
- ↑ a b c Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos mushroom atlas . 1st edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 62 .
- ↑ Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 155 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
- ↑ a b Karin Monday: Yellowing earth knight Tricholoma argyraceum In the virtual mushroom book. In: Tintling.com . Retrieved January 30, 2014 .
- ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF]).
- ↑ Zdenko Tkalcec, Mesic Armin: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia. I . Families Pleurotaceae and Tricholomataceae. In: Mycotaxon . Vol: 81, 2002, pp. 113-176 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
- ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Tricholoma argyraceum. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014 ; accessed on January 30, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Tricholoma scalpturatum. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014 ; accessed on January 30, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ GI Zervakis, E. Polemis, DM Dimou: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: III . Macrofungi recorded in Quercus forests from southern Peloponnese. In: Mycotaxon . Vol. 84, 2002, pp. 141-162 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
- ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Blattpilze I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 , p. 544.
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]).
- ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . In: Acta Botanica Croatica . 2009 ( PDF, 1.6MB ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed January 30, 2014]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Grid map of Tricholoma argyraceum. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved January 30, 2014 .
- ^ Tricholoma argyraceum. Pilzoek database, accessed January 30, 2014 .
- ↑ Tricholoma scalpturatum. Pilzoek database, accessed January 30, 2014 .
- ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Tricholoma argyraceum. Fungi of Ukraine. In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. Retrieved January 30, 2014 .
Web links
- Tricholoma argyraceum. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved January 30, 2014 (Italian, photos from the Gilbenden Erd-Ritterling).
- Wolfgang Bachmeier: Yellowing earth knight (Tricholoma argyraceum). In: www.123pilze.de / pilzseite.de. Retrieved January 30, 2014 .
