Soap Knight

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Soap Knight
The soap knight (Tricholoma saponaceum)

The soap knight ( Tricholoma saponaceum )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Knightlings ( Tricholoma )
Type : Soap Knight
Scientific name
Tricholoma saponaceum
P.Kumm.

The soap knight ( Tricholoma saponaceum ) is a type of mushroom from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae). The medium to large and very variable knight is primarily characterized by its soap-like smell. In addition, its flesh in the base of the stem turns red when injured. The fruiting bodies appear between August and November in the deciduous and coniferous forest. The knight is considered inedible or slightly poisonous.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 4–8 (–16) cm wide, initially hemispherical, later arched to flattened. It is often bent or hunched more or less irregularly. The hat skin is bald and more or less dull and smooth. However, it can also be ingrown with scaly fibers or cracked or flaky with age. If it is damp, it becomes at most slightly greasy. The hat color is very variable. The hat can be black-brown, copper-red, gray-brown to olive-brown, or it is greenish or yellowish in color. It is seldom completely white. Dark-tinted specimens become much lighter towards the edge of the hat. The edge of the hat is bent downwards and protrudes slightly over the lamellae.

The wide, distant lamellae are bulging on the handle. They are dirty whitish to greenish-yellow in color and redden after a while if they are injured. The spore powder is white.

The cylindrical, 4–10 cm long and 1.5–2 cm wide stem is often spindle-shaped, sometimes club-shaped. It is creamy-white or has gray-brown flakes or fibers. The stem base is usually pointed.

The rather firm flesh is dirty whitish or pale and also reddened in injured areas after a while. The base of the stem is particularly red. The fruit body smells clearly of soapy water or laundry room and tastes mild, but unpleasant, usually a bit dull, flour-like or bitter. Very young, fresh specimens smell more or less neutral. Often the smell is only noticeable after a few hours.

Microscopic features

The smooth, elliptical spores are inamyloid and 5–6 µm long and 3–4 µm wide. They are translucent (hyaline) and some contain drops. Cystidia are absent on both the lamellae and the cap skin, but buckles are quite numerous.

Species delimitation

Due to its different color and shape variants, the soap knight ring is sometimes difficult to identify. This is especially true for young, fresh specimens that have not yet developed the typical smell. But after a few hours (sometimes not until the day after collection), the unmistakable features such as the characteristic smell of soapy water and the reddening of the fungus on injured areas are noticeable. For mushrooms with a dark-colored hat, the lighter edge of the hat is a good distinguishing feature.

ecology

The soap knight is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiotic partnership with various deciduous and coniferous trees. It is primarily found in European beech and spruce and occasionally also in hornbeam, oak and fir. The mushroom grows in shady beech, beech-fir and spruce-fir forests. It is found particularly frequently in grove and woodruff beech forests with spruce trees that are sometimes mixed in with forestry. It is only found occasionally in hornbeam-oak and ash-sycamore-maple forests. The knight occurs on all fresh to freshly moist soils, regardless of whether they are acidic, neutral or alkaline. The fruiting bodies appear gregarious from August to November. The fungus occurs from the lowlands to the higher mountains.

distribution

Distribution of the soap knight in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries in which the knight has not yet been identified are shown in white. Countries with no sources or countries outside of Europe are shown in gray.

The soap knight has been found in North America (USA, Canada), Central America (Costa Rica, Colombia), North Africa (Morocco), Asia (India, Israel, Caucasus, East Siberia, Korea, Japan) and Europe. In the Holarctic it is distributed from meridional to boreal (subarctic). In Europe the species is very widespread and regionally dense. In southern Europe it is widespread from Spain to the Ukraine in the east-southeast. In Western Europe it occurs in France, the Benelux countries and Great Britain and is distributed there northwards to the Hebrides. It can be found all over Central Europe and in Eastern Europe it occurs in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. In Northern Europe it is common throughout Fennoscandinavia. In Finland its distribution area extends northwards to the 70th parallel, it is also found in Iceland.

In Germany it is widespread and quite common from the Danish border to the Alps; loosening and densification areas alternate. The knight is also common in Austria.

Systematics

Inquiry systematics

The soap knight is the type of the subgenus Contextocutis Singer and the type of the section Saponacea M. Bon . The representatives of the subgenus have a normal hat skin. Buckles are more or less numerous and the pigment is mainly located in vacuoles. The representatives of the section have a stem base that reddens when injured and smells characteristic of soap or laundry room.

Subspecies and varieties

The different manifestations of the soap knight have inspired many mycologists to give this name, even if the taxonomic value of the individual varieties is rather limited.

  • var. cnista ( Krombholz ) JE Lange 1933: The fruiting bodies are all white.
  • var. latendanum Rolland 1891 (= Tricholoma boudieri Barla 1888): The meat turns reddish at break points.
  • var. napipes (Krombholz) JE Lange 1890: The hat is more or less yellowish, the lamellae are also yellow and the stems are swollen turnip-shaped.
  • var. squamosum ( Cooke ) Rea 1922: Is a form with a dark hat and dark, blue-green scales on the stem.
  • var. sulphurinum ( Quél. ) Rea 1922: The hat has a sulfur-yellow color.
  • var. atrovirens ( pers. ) Sacc. (1887): Greyish-brownish forms with greenish tones, sometimes with blackish scales on their hats.

meaning

The soap knight is slightly poisonous. It causes vomiting and diarrhea, and the raw fungus also contains haemolysins (substances that decompose blood). When well cooked, it is described in older mushroom books as "usable in mixed dishes". According to Kreisel, it is said to cause nausea and vomiting in larger quantities, which is why it is usually referred to as a toadstool. It is unclear whether the different varieties of the soap knight have different toxic effects.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 126 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  2. ↑ Synonyms of Tricholoma saponaceum. (Fr.) P. Kumm., Guide. Mushroom (Zwickau): 133 (1871) var. Saponaceum. In: SpeciesFungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved March 19, 2012 .
  3. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 150 .
  4. ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 66 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e Ewald Gerhart (Hrsg.): Pilze Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellas . Intersivführer (=  Spectrum of Nature BLV . Band 1 ). BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 82 .
  6. ↑ a b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Blattpilze I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 , p. 571.
  7. ↑ Tricholoma saponaceum. Pilzoek database, accessed April 18, 2012 .
  8. ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Tricholoma saponaceum. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved March 19, 2012 .
  9. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  10. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mešic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae . In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( cybertruffle.org.uk [accessed January 9, 2012]). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  11. ^ GI Zervakis et al .: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: II. Macrofungi associated with conifers in the Taygetos Mountain (Peloponnese). (No longer available online.) In: Mycotaxon 83 :. 2002, pp. 97–126 , archived from the original on September 24, 2015 ; Retrieved April 18, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  12. ↑ Tricholoma saponaceum in the Fungus Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved March 19, 2012 .
  13. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed March 19, 2012 .

Web links

Commons : Tricholoma saponaceum  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Tricholoma saponaceum. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on April 18, 2012 (Italian, Gute Fotos vom Seifen-Ritterling).