Generalitat de Catalunya
The Generalitat de Catalunya ([ ʒənəɾəɫiˈtad də kətəˈɫuɲə ], Spanish Generalidad de Cataluña ) is the set of political institutions that exercise the self-government of the Spanish Autonomous Community of Catalonia within the framework of the Statute of Autonomy .
composition
According to the 2006 Statute of Autonomy, the Generalitat comprises three institutions:
- the Catalan Parliament , which drafts and passes laws and controls the President and the Government,
- the President of the Generalitat, elected by Parliament from among the deputies and appointed by the King, is the chief representative of the Generalitat,
- the Catalan government ( govern ), composed of the president and the councilors (consellers), which implements the laws passed by parliament, manages the administration and has the right to initiate legislation.
history
Origins
La Pau i Treva de Déu (Peace and Peace of God) was a social movement promoted in the 11th century as a response by the church and peasants to the violence perpetrated by the feudal lords. The origin of the Catalan dishes can be related to it.
The hometowns thus delimited a protected area of feudal violence. However, in order to ensure a climate of coexistence, it was necessary to go further and create an agency that bans any kind of violence anywhere on the territory. This was the aim of the Assemblies of Peace and the Truce of God, the first of which was held in the Catalan counties in 1027 under the presidency of Abbot Oliba in Toluges (Roussillon) on behalf of Bishop Berenguer d'Elna, absent from the diocese because he was on a pilgrimage.
The Generalitat of Catalonia, like the Generalitat Valenciana in the neighboring community of Valencia , goes back to the permanent councils that have been administrating the various territories of the County of Barcelona (Barcelona, Mallorca , Roussillon and Cerdanya ) in the periods between the meetings since the Middle Ages the Corts (the General Estates ) should guarantee.
King James I "the Conqueror" of Aragon (1208–1276) called for the first time the Corts Reials Catalanes as representatives of the social classes. Under Peter II (1276–1285) the Corts Reials Catalanes became a permanent institution. The king was required to convene the Corts Catalanes (the "Catalan Court") once a year (which he did not always do). The Corts Catalanes had advisory and legislative functions and were composed of three classes ("poor"): the clergy, the military (nobility) and that of the people (the royal chamber in which the cities directly subordinate to the king were represented). The entire institution was called lo General de Cathalunya because it comprised all social classes.
The first step towards the establishment of the Generalitat took place when the Corts met in Monzón in 1289 and constituted a temporary delegation ( Diputació ) for the Estates-General to collect the services and taxes granted to the King. From then on, the word generalitat also stands for “taxes”, which was also adopted for taxation in France.
In the Corts , which were held by Peter IV (1336-1387) in the years 1358-1359 to collect funds to defend against the attacks of Castile in Aragon and Valencia, were for the time between the meeting of the Corts 12 permanent deputies with executives Powers in matters of tax collection and several auditors used to control the administration. The deputation consisted of representatives from the three estates and was headed by a clergyman.
1359 to 1714
The first President of the Generalitat was Berenguer de Cruïlles, Bishop of Girona , in 1359 . Until 1714, all presidents were high clergy (bishops of Catalan dioceses or abbots of Catalan monasteries).
After the War of the Spanish Succession (1700-1713), the Catalan institutions were dissolved, which ended the Catalan self-government.
20th century
In the Second Republic , Catalonia was granted provisional autonomy in 1931 with the re-establishment of the Generalitat; this was enshrined in the 1932 Statute of Autonomy. In 1934, Lluís Companys i Jover , President of the Generalitat, proposed the controversial law on contracts for farm laborers, which led to conflict with the large landowners and the right-wing conservative central government. Companys proclaimed the state of Catalonia within a Spanish Federal Republic on October 6, 1934. Thereupon the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia from 1932 was repealed, the entire Catalan government was arrested by the army and later sentenced to 30 years of severe imprisonment. After the Popular Front won the election in early 1936, the Catalan government was released from prison and opposed the Francisco Franco military coup of July 17, 1936.
The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) ended with the victory of Franquism and the destruction of Catalan autonomy. The Generalitat then only existed in exile; it was not until 1977 that its President Josep Tarradellas was allowed to return as part of the transition to democracy in Spain . Tarradellas was president from 1954 to 1980.
As part of the democratic reforms in Spain, the first parliamentary elections in Catalonia took place on March 20, 1980 under the 1978 Statute of Autonomy . This first statute of autonomy was replaced in 2006 by a new version with expanded competencies.
Current presidency
From January 2016 to October 2017, Carles Puigdemont ( JxS ) was President of the Generalitat, who was elected at the suggestion of his predecessor Artur Mas ( CiU ). Mas has been in office since the 2010 general election in Catalonia and succeeded José Montilla (PSC) in office, which he has held since 2006.
On October 27, 2017, the Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy deposed Carles Puigdemont and his government in accordance with Article 155 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain and appointed Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría , Minister for Territorial Administration of the Spanish Government, to be acting head of government until the new elections announced for December of Catalonia. On May 15, 2018, Quim Torra was elected as the new President of the Generalitat, after which his cabinet was sworn in on June 2 . After Quim Torra was banned from office for disobedience, his deputy Pere Aragonès took office on September 28, 2020 and was confirmed as head of government by the newly elected parliament on May 21, 2021.
List of Presidents of the Generalitat of Catalonia
- Berenguer de Cruïlles 1359-1362
- Romeu Sescomes 1363-1364
- Ramon Gener 1364-1365
- Bernat Vallès 1365
Bernat Vallès 1365-1367
Romeu Sescomes 1375-1376 - Joan I d'Empúries 1376
- Guillem de Guimerà 1376-1377
- Galceran de Besora 1377-1378
Ramon Gener 1379-1380 - Felip d'Anglesola 1380
- Pere de Santamans 1381-1383
- Arnau Descolomer 1384-1389
- Miquel de Santjoan 1389-1396
- Alfons de Tous 1396-1413
- Marc de Vilalba 1413-1416
- Andreu Bertran 1416-1419
- Joan Desgarrigues 1419-1422
- Dalmau de Cartellà 1422-1425
- Felip de Malla 1425-1428
- Domènec Ram 1428-1431
Marc de Vilalba 1431-1434 - Pere de Palou 1434-1437
- Pere de Darnius 1437-1440
- Antoni d'Avinyó i de Moles 1440-1443
- Jaume de Cardona i de Gandia 1443–1446 ( Folch de Cardona house )
- Pero Ximénez de Urrea 1446-1449
- Bertran Samasó 1449-1452
- Bernat Guillem Samasó 1452-1455
- Nicolau Pujades 1455-1458
- Antoni Pere Ferrer 1458-1461
- Manuel de Montsuar 1461-1464
- Francesc Colom 1464-1467
- Ponç Andreu de Vilar 1467-1470
- Miquel Samsó 1470-1473
- Joan Maurici de Ribes 1473-1476
- Miquel Delgado 1476-1478
- Pere Joan Llobera 1478-1479
- Berenguer de Sos 1479-1482
- Pere de Cardona 1482–1485 ( Folch de Cardona house )
Ponç Andreu de Vilar 1485–1488 - Juan Payo Coello 1488-1491
- Joan de Peralta 1491-1494
- Francí Vicenç 1494-1497
- Pedro de Mendoza 1497–1500, abbot of Santes Creus (not identical to the conquistador of the same name)
- Alfons d'Aragó 1500–1503
- Ferrer Nicolau de Gualbes i Desvalls 1503–1504
- Gonzalo Fernández de Heredia 1504–1506
- Lluís Desplà i d'Oms 1506–1509
- Jordi Sanç 1509-1512
- Joan d'Aragó 1512-1514
- Jaume Fiella 1514-1515
- Esteve de Garret 1515-1518
- Bernat de Corbera 1518-1521
- Joan Margarit i de Requesens 1521-1524
- Lluís de Cardona i Enríquez 1524–1527 ( House Folch de Cardona )
- Francesc de Solsona 1527-1530
- Francesc Oliver de Boteller 1530-1533
- Dionís de Carcassona 1533-1536
- Joan Pasqual 1536-1539
- Jeroni de Requesens i Roís de Liori 1539–1542
- Miquel Puig 1542-1545
- Jaume Caçador 1545-1548
- Miquel d'Oms i de Sentmenat 1548–1551
- Onofre de Copons i de Vilafranca 1551–1552
- Miquel de Ferrer i de Marimon 1552
- Joan de Tormo 1552-1553
- Miquel de Tormo 1553-1554
- Francesc Jeroni Benet Franc 1554–1557
- Pere Àngel Ferrer i Despuig 1557–1559
- Ferran de Lloances i Peres 1559–1560
Miquel d'Oms i de Sentmenat 1560–1563 - Onofre Gomis 1563-1566
- Francesc Giginta 1566-1569
- Benet de Tocco 1569-1572
- Jaume Cerveró 1572–1575
- Pere Oliver de Boteller i de Riquer 1575–1578
Benet de Tocco 1578–1581 - Rafael d'Oms 1581-1584
- Jaume Beuló 1584
Pere Oliver de Boteller i de Riquer 1584–1587 - Martí Joan de Calders 1587
- Francesc Oliver de Boteller 1587–1588
- Jaume Caçador i Claret 1590–1593
- Miquel d'Agullana 1593–1596
Francesc Oliver de Boteller 1596–1598 - Francesc Oliveres 1598-1599
- Jaume Cordelles i Oms 1599-1602
- Bernat de Cardona i de Queralt 1602–1605
- Pere Pau Caçador i d'Aguilar – Dusai 1605–1608
- Onofre d'Alentorn i de Botella 1608-1611
- Francesc de Sentjust i de Castre 1611-1614
- Ramon d'Olmera i d'Alemany 1614-1616
- Miquel d'Aimeric 1616-1617
- Lluís de Tena 1617-1620
- Benet Fontanella 1620-1623
- Pere de Magarola i Fontanet 1623-1626
- Francesc Morillo 1626-1629
- Pere Antoni Serra 1629-1632
- Esteve Salacruz 1632
- García Gil de Manrique y Maldonado 1632-1635
- Miquel d'Alentorn i de Salbà 1635–1638
- Pau Claris i Casademunt 1638-1641
- Josep soler 1641
- Bernat de Cardona i de Raset 1641-1644
- Gispert d'Amat i Desbosc de Sant Vicenç 1644–1647
- Andreu Pont 1647-1650
- Pau del Rosso 1650-1654
- Francesc Pijoan 1654-1656
- Joan Jeroni Besora 1656-1659
- Pau d'Àger 1659–1662
- Jaume de Copons i de Tamarit 1662-1665
- Josep de Magarola i de Grau 1665–1668
- Joan Pagès i Vallgornera 1668–1671
- Josep de Camporrells i de Sabater 1671–1674
- Esteve Mercadal i Dou 1674-1677
- Alfonso de Sotomayor 1677-1680
- Josep Sastre i Prats 1680–1683
- Baltasar de Muntaner i de Sacosta 1683–1686
- Antoni de Saiol i de Quarteroni 1686–1689
- Benet Ignasi de Salazar 1689-1692
- Antoni de Planella i de Cruïlles 1692–1695
- Rafael de Pinyana i Galvany 1695-1698
- Climent de Solanell i de Foix 1698-1701
- Josep Antoni Valls i Pandutxo 1701
Antoni de Planella i de Cruïlles 1701–1704 - Francesc de Valls i Freixa 1704–1705
- Josep Grau 1706–1707
- Manuel de Copons i d'Esquerrer 1707-1710
- Francesc Antoni de Solanell i de Montellà 1710–1713
- Josep de Vilamala 1713-1714
- Francesc Macià i Llussà ( ERC ) 1932–1933
- Lluís Companys i Jover ( ERC ) 1933–1940 (deposed 1934–1936, fled 1939, shot in Barcelona in 1940)
- Josep Irla i Bosch ( ERC ) 1940–1954 (in exile)
- Josep Tarradellas i Joan ( ERC ) 1954–1980 (in exile until 1977)
- Jordi Pujol i Soley ( CiU ) 1980-2003
- Pasqual Maragall i Mira ( PSC ) 2003-2006
- José Montilla Aguilera ( PSC ) 2006-2010
- Artur Mas ( CiU ) 2010–2016
-
Carles Puigdemont ( JxS ) 2016–2017
- Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría ( PP ) 2017–2018 ( acting )
- Quim Torra ( Jxcat ) 2018-2020
- Pere Aragonès ( ERC ) since 2020
Note: according to the Spanish counting method, counting begins with Francesc Macià i Llussà in the second Spanish republic in 1932; the historical Generalitat, which dates back to the 14th century, has nothing in common with the modern Generalitat except its name in terms of competencies.
Use of language
According to the Statute of Autonomy, the Generalitat includes the regional parliament, the Prime Minister, the government, the Consell de Garanties Estatuàries , the Síndic de Greuges (Ombudsman), the Sindicatura de Comptes (Court of Auditors) and the Consell de l'Audiovisual de Catalunya.
In common parlance in Spain and Catalonia, often only the executive (Prime Minister, regional government and their administrative authorities) is meant when the Generalitat is mentioned.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Història de la Generalitat (Catalan), accessed on June 18, 2016.
- ↑ El Pais: La “mentira” de los 131 presidentes de la Generalitat , May 20, 2018, accessed on February 26, 2019 (Spanish)