Generalitat de Catalunya

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Emblem of the Generalitat de Catalunya

The Generalitat de Catalunya ([ ʒənəɾəɫiˈtad də kətəˈɫuɲə ], Spanish Generalidad de Cataluña ) is the set of political institutions that exercise the self-government of the Spanish Autonomous Community of Catalonia within the framework of the Statute of Autonomy .

composition

According to the 2006 Statute of Autonomy, the Generalitat comprises three institutions:

  • the Catalan Parliament , which drafts and passes laws and controls the President and the Government,
  • the President of the Generalitat, elected by Parliament from among the deputies and appointed by the King, is the chief representative of the Generalitat,
  • the Catalan government ( govern ), composed of the president and the councilors (consellers), which implements the laws passed by parliament, manages the administration and has the right to initiate legislation.

history

Origins

The seat of the Generalitat (the Palau de la Generalitat ) in Plaça de Sant Jaume in Barcelona.
Old emblem of the Generalitat .

La Pau i Treva de Déu (Peace and Peace of God) was a social movement promoted in the 11th century as a response by the church and peasants to the violence perpetrated by the feudal lords. The origin of the Catalan dishes can be related to it.

The hometowns thus delimited a protected area of ​​feudal violence. However, in order to ensure a climate of coexistence, it was necessary to go further and create an agency that bans any kind of violence anywhere on the territory. This was the aim of the Assemblies of Peace and the Truce of God, the first of which was held in the Catalan counties in 1027 under the presidency of Abbot Oliba in Toluges (Roussillon) on behalf of Bishop Berenguer d'Elna, absent from the diocese because he was on a pilgrimage.

The Generalitat of Catalonia, like the Generalitat Valenciana in the neighboring community of Valencia , goes back to the permanent councils that have been administrating the various territories of the County of Barcelona (Barcelona, Mallorca , Roussillon and Cerdanya ) in the periods between the meetings since the Middle Ages the Corts (the General Estates ) should guarantee.

King James I "the Conqueror" of Aragon (1208–1276) called for the first time the Corts Reials Catalanes as representatives of the social classes. Under Peter II (1276–1285) the Corts Reials Catalanes became a permanent institution. The king was required to convene the Corts Catalanes (the "Catalan Court") once a year (which he did not always do). The Corts Catalanes had advisory and legislative functions and were composed of three classes ("poor"): the clergy, the military (nobility) and that of the people (the royal chamber in which the cities directly subordinate to the king were represented). The entire institution was called lo General de Cathalunya because it comprised all social classes.

The first step towards the establishment of the Generalitat took place when the Corts met in Monzón in 1289 and constituted a temporary delegation ( Diputació ) for the Estates-General to collect the services and taxes granted to the King. From then on, the word generalitat also stands for “taxes”, which was also adopted for taxation in France.

In the Corts , which were held by Peter IV (1336-1387) in the years 1358-1359 to collect funds to defend against the attacks of Castile in Aragon and Valencia, were for the time between the meeting of the Corts 12 permanent deputies with executives Powers in matters of tax collection and several auditors used to control the administration. The deputation consisted of representatives from the three estates and was headed by a clergyman.

1359 to 1714

The first President of the Generalitat was Berenguer de Cruïlles, Bishop of Girona , in 1359 . Until 1714, all presidents were high clergy (bishops of Catalan dioceses or abbots of Catalan monasteries).

After the War of the Spanish Succession (1700-1713), the Catalan institutions were dissolved, which ended the Catalan self-government.

20th century

Francesc Macià i Llussà , first President of the Generalitat in the 20th century (1932–1933)

In the Second Republic , Catalonia was granted provisional autonomy in 1931 with the re-establishment of the Generalitat; this was enshrined in the 1932 Statute of Autonomy. In 1934, Lluís Companys i Jover , President of the Generalitat, proposed the controversial law on contracts for farm laborers, which led to conflict with the large landowners and the right-wing conservative central government. Companys proclaimed the state of Catalonia within a Spanish Federal Republic on October 6, 1934. Thereupon the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia from 1932 was repealed, the entire Catalan government was arrested by the army and later sentenced to 30 years of severe imprisonment. After the Popular Front won the election in early 1936, the Catalan government was released from prison and opposed the Francisco Franco military coup of July 17, 1936.

The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) ended with the victory of Franquism and the destruction of Catalan autonomy. The Generalitat then only existed in exile; it was not until 1977 that its President Josep Tarradellas was allowed to return as part of the transition to democracy in Spain . Tarradellas was president from 1954 to 1980.

As part of the democratic reforms in Spain, the first parliamentary elections in Catalonia took place on March 20, 1980 under the 1978 Statute of Autonomy . This first statute of autonomy was replaced in 2006 by a new version with expanded competencies.

Current presidency

From January 2016 to October 2017, Carles Puigdemont ( JxS ) was President of the Generalitat, who was elected at the suggestion of his predecessor Artur Mas ( CiU ). Mas has been in office since the 2010 general election in Catalonia and succeeded José Montilla (PSC) in office, which he has held since 2006.

On October 27, 2017, the Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy deposed Carles Puigdemont and his government in accordance with Article 155 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain and appointed Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría , Minister for Territorial Administration of the Spanish Government, to be acting head of government until the new elections announced for December of Catalonia. On May 15, 2018, Quim Torra was elected as the new President of the Generalitat, after which his cabinet was sworn in on June 2 . After Quim Torra was banned from office for disobedience, his deputy Pere Aragonès took office on September 28, 2020 and was confirmed as head of government by the newly elected parliament on May 21, 2021.

List of Presidents of the Generalitat of Catalonia

  1. Berenguer de Cruïlles 1359-1362
  2. Romeu Sescomes 1363-1364
  3. Ramon Gener 1364-1365
  4. Bernat Vallès 1365
    Bernat Vallès 1365-1367
    Romeu Sescomes 1375-1376
  5. Joan I d'Empúries 1376
  6. Guillem de Guimerà 1376-1377
  7. Galceran de Besora 1377-1378
    Ramon Gener 1379-1380
  8. Felip d'Anglesola 1380
  9. Pere de Santamans 1381-1383
  10. Arnau Descolomer 1384-1389
  11. Miquel de Santjoan 1389-1396
  12. Alfons de Tous 1396-1413
  13. Marc de Vilalba 1413-1416
  14. Andreu Bertran 1416-1419
  15. Joan Desgarrigues 1419-1422
  16. Dalmau de Cartellà 1422-1425
  17. Felip de Malla 1425-1428
  18. Domènec Ram 1428-1431
    Marc de Vilalba 1431-1434
  19. Pere de Palou 1434-1437
  20. Pere de Darnius 1437-1440
  21. Antoni d'Avinyó i de Moles 1440-1443
  22. Jaume de Cardona i de Gandia 1443–1446 ( Folch de Cardona house )
  23. Pero Ximénez de Urrea 1446-1449
  24. Bertran Samasó 1449-1452
  25. Bernat Guillem Samasó 1452-1455
  26. Nicolau Pujades 1455-1458
  27. Antoni Pere Ferrer 1458-1461
  28. Manuel de Montsuar 1461-1464
  29. Francesc Colom 1464-1467
  30. Ponç Andreu de Vilar 1467-1470
  31. Miquel Samsó 1470-1473
  32. Joan Maurici de Ribes 1473-1476
  33. Miquel Delgado 1476-1478
  34. Pere Joan Llobera 1478-1479
  35. Berenguer de Sos 1479-1482
  36. Pere de Cardona 1482–1485 ( Folch de Cardona house )
    Ponç Andreu de Vilar 1485–1488
  37. Juan Payo Coello 1488-1491
  38. Joan de Peralta 1491-1494
  39. Francí Vicenç 1494-1497
  40. Pedro de Mendoza 1497–1500, abbot of Santes Creus (not identical to the conquistador of the same name)
  41. Alfons d'Aragó 1500–1503
  42. Ferrer Nicolau de Gualbes i Desvalls 1503–1504
  43. Gonzalo Fernández de Heredia 1504–1506
  44. Lluís Desplà i d'Oms 1506–1509
  45. Jordi Sanç 1509-1512
  46. Joan d'Aragó 1512-1514
  47. Jaume Fiella 1514-1515
  48. Esteve de Garret 1515-1518
  49. Bernat de Corbera 1518-1521
  50. Joan Margarit i de Requesens 1521-1524
  51. Lluís de Cardona i Enríquez 1524–1527 ( House Folch de Cardona )
  52. Francesc de Solsona 1527-1530
  53. Francesc Oliver de Boteller 1530-1533
  54. Dionís de Carcassona 1533-1536
  55. Joan Pasqual 1536-1539
  56. Jeroni de Requesens i Roís de Liori 1539–1542
  57. Miquel Puig 1542-1545
  58. Jaume Caçador 1545-1548
  59. Miquel d'Oms i de Sentmenat 1548–1551
  60. Onofre de Copons i de Vilafranca 1551–1552
  61. Miquel de Ferrer i de Marimon 1552
  62. Joan de Tormo 1552-1553
  63. Miquel de Tormo 1553-1554
  64. Francesc Jeroni Benet Franc 1554–1557
  65. Pere Àngel Ferrer i Despuig 1557–1559
  66. Ferran de Lloances i Peres 1559–1560
    Miquel d'Oms i de Sentmenat 1560–1563
  67. Onofre Gomis 1563-1566
  68. Francesc Giginta 1566-1569
  69. Benet de Tocco 1569-1572
  70. Jaume Cerveró 1572–1575
  71. Pere Oliver de Boteller i de Riquer 1575–1578
    Benet de Tocco 1578–1581
  72. Rafael d'Oms 1581-1584
  73. Jaume Beuló 1584
    Pere Oliver de Boteller i de Riquer 1584–1587
  74. Martí Joan de Calders 1587
  75. Francesc Oliver de Boteller 1587–1588
  76. Jaume Caçador i Claret 1590–1593
  77. Miquel d'Agullana 1593–1596
    Francesc Oliver de Boteller 1596–1598
  78. Francesc Oliveres 1598-1599
  79. Jaume Cordelles i Oms 1599-1602
  80. Bernat de Cardona i de Queralt 1602–1605
  81. Pere Pau Caçador i d'Aguilar – Dusai 1605–1608
  82. Onofre d'Alentorn i de Botella 1608-1611
  83. Francesc de Sentjust i de Castre 1611-1614
  84. Ramon d'Olmera i d'Alemany 1614-1616
  85. Miquel d'Aimeric 1616-1617
  86. Lluís de Tena 1617-1620
  87. Benet Fontanella 1620-1623
  88. Pere de Magarola i Fontanet 1623-1626
  89. Francesc Morillo 1626-1629
  90. Pere Antoni Serra 1629-1632
  91. Esteve Salacruz 1632
  92. García Gil de Manrique y Maldonado 1632-1635
  93. Miquel d'Alentorn i de Salbà 1635–1638
  94. Pau Claris i Casademunt 1638-1641
  95. Josep soler 1641
  96. Bernat de Cardona i de Raset 1641-1644
  97. Gispert d'Amat i Desbosc de Sant Vicenç 1644–1647
  98. Andreu Pont 1647-1650
  99. Pau del Rosso 1650-1654
  100. Francesc Pijoan 1654-1656
  101. Joan Jeroni Besora 1656-1659
  102. Pau d'Àger 1659–1662
  103. Jaume de Copons i de Tamarit 1662-1665
  104. Josep de Magarola i de Grau 1665–1668
  105. Joan Pagès i Vallgornera 1668–1671
  106. Josep de Camporrells i de Sabater 1671–1674
  107. Esteve Mercadal i Dou 1674-1677
  108. Alfonso de Sotomayor 1677-1680
  109. Josep Sastre i Prats 1680–1683
  110. Baltasar de Muntaner i de Sacosta 1683–1686
  111. Antoni de Saiol i de Quarteroni 1686–1689
  112. Benet Ignasi de Salazar 1689-1692
  113. Antoni de Planella i de Cruïlles 1692–1695
  114. Rafael de Pinyana i Galvany 1695-1698
  115. Climent de Solanell i de Foix 1698-1701
  116. Josep Antoni Valls i Pandutxo 1701
    Antoni de Planella i de Cruïlles 1701–1704
  117. Francesc de Valls i Freixa 1704–1705
  118. Josep Grau 1706–1707
  119. Manuel de Copons i d'Esquerrer 1707-1710
  120. Francesc Antoni de Solanell i de Montellà 1710–1713
  121. Josep de Vilamala 1713-1714
  122. Francesc Macià i Llussà ( ERC ) 1932–1933
  123. Lluís Companys i Jover ( ERC ) 1933–1940 (deposed 1934–1936, fled 1939, shot in Barcelona in 1940)
  124. Josep Irla i Bosch ( ERC ) 1940–1954 (in exile)
  125. Josep Tarradellas i Joan ( ERC ) 1954–1980 (in exile until 1977)
  126. Jordi Pujol i Soley ( CiU ) 1980-2003
  127. Pasqual Maragall i Mira ( PSC ) 2003-2006
  128. José Montilla Aguilera ( PSC ) 2006-2010
  129. Artur Mas ( CiU ) 2010–2016
  130. Carles Puigdemont ( JxS ) 2016–2017
  131. Quim Torra ( Jxcat ) 2018-2020
  132. Pere Aragonès ( ERC ) since 2020

Note: according to the Spanish counting method, counting begins with Francesc Macià i Llussà in the second Spanish republic in 1932; the historical Generalitat, which dates back to the 14th century, has nothing in common with the modern Generalitat except its name in terms of competencies.

Use of language

According to the Statute of Autonomy, the Generalitat includes the regional parliament, the Prime Minister, the government, the Consell de Garanties Estatuàries , the Síndic de Greuges (Ombudsman), the Sindicatura de Comptes (Court of Auditors) and the Consell de l'Audiovisual de Catalunya.

In common parlance in Spain and Catalonia, often only the executive (Prime Minister, regional government and their administrative authorities) is meant when the Generalitat is mentioned.

See also

Web links

Commons : Generalitat de Catalunya  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Història de la Generalitat (Catalan), accessed on June 18, 2016.
  2. ↑ El Pais: La “mentira” de los 131 presidentes de la Generalitat , May 20, 2018, accessed on February 26, 2019 (Spanish)