Black-fiber knight

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Black-fiber knight
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Black-fiber knight ( Tricholoma portentosum )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Knightlings ( Tricholoma )
Type : Black-fiber knight
Scientific name
Tricholoma portentosum
( Fr. ) Quél.

The black-fiber knight or soot head ( Tricholoma portentosum ) is a rare type of mushroom from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae).

features

Macroscopic features

The hat reaches 4–11 (–15) ​​cm in diameter, is initially hemispherical or bell-shaped and later arched to flat and bluntly hunched. The hat skin is removable. The surface is gray to gray-brown with yellow or purple nuances, almost black in the middle and has a pattern of ingrown, radial black fibers (→ name). It is greasy to sticky when wet and shiny when dry. The lamellas are crowded and mixed in and are bulged on the stem, white when young, then get yellowish spots and finally turn yellowish green. The spore powder is white. The stem becomes 6–10 cm long and up to 2.5 cm thick, is somewhat fibrous and hollow when old. The surface is bare, whitish and greenish yellow staining. The meat ( trama ) is whitish to gray-yellow (on the hat skin), smells farinaceous and tastes faintly farinaceous, mild.

Microscopic features

The spores are broadly ellipsoidal and almost spherical in shape, are colorless and translucent , have a smooth surface and do not show any color reaction with iodine reagents (not amyloid ). They measure 5–7 × 3–6 micrometers. Four of them grow on the basidial cells . The basidia cells measure 22-40 × 5-7.5 (-9) micrometers. The lamellar edges are fertile. Cheilo Zystiden or buckles are not available. However, there are hymenium cells that look quite similar to cystids, but do not protrude from the hymenium . The cap skin is an up to 300 micrometer thick ixocutis made of cylindrical, 1.5–4 micrometer thick hyphae threads. Cylindrical to convoluted caulocystids measuring 20–60 × 3–9 micrometers can be found on the stem surface.

Species delimitation

The distinction from its numerous, similar-looking relatives is considered difficult. Its best differentiator is its dark, gray hat color. The fiery hot knight has a pointed hump and fiery hot taste. The tiger knight has a scaly hat skin. The base of the soap knight reddens and it smells soapy.

Ecology and diffusion

The black- fiber knight grows in a mycorrhizal symbiosis with various deciduous and coniferous trees, primarily with spruce and pine, sometimes also with aspen or birch. From September to December it is also fruitful in the first frosts, which is why it is also known as the Snow Knight. It occurs across Europe and is generally rare.

meaning

It is edible and is used as an edible mushroom . The bioactive substances it contains, some of which have cancer-inhibiting, antibiotic (against gram-positive bacteria) and antimycotic (against Cryptococcus neoformans ) properties, open up at least potential medical uses.

ingredients

The fresh mushroom meat contains about 93% water, 3.64% carbohydrates, 2.12% protein, 0.81% raw ash, 0.38% fat (about 1: 6: 3 saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids) and has a calorific value of about 112 kilojoules per 100 grams. The proportion of fiber in the dry matter is approximately 45%, the protein content around 16%, of which 61.8% are essential amino acids with leucine , isoleucine and tryptophan as the amino acids in the mixture that limit the utilization in the human organism. According to the PDCAAS, the biological usability of the protein mixture contained is higher than that of most vegetable protein mixtures and significantly lower than that of milk, egg and meat. The fat content is 5.7%, of which over 75% is oleic acid (monounsaturated) and linoleic acid (polyunsaturated). It also contains plenty of antioxidants .

Systematics and taxonomy

The official first description goes back to Elias Magnus Fries , who described the species in the first volume of his work Systema mycologicum , published in 1821 . Several varieties have been described: variety boutevillei (Marcel Bon, 1984) with a darker, scaly hat surface and with oak and beech symbionts, variety lugdunense (Bon) with pale fruiting bodies and the variety album (Jacquetant & Bon) with white fruiting bodies, as well the varieties avellaneifolium ([WA Murrill] AH Smith) and centrale (Peck, 1898).

swell

  1. ↑ a b Cornelis Bas, Thomas W. Kuyper, Machiel Evert Noordeloos, Else C. Vellinga, Reinout van Crevel, EJM Arnolds (eds.): Flora Agaricina Neerlandica . tape 1 , 1988, p. 117 (English).
  2. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide . All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co., Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-440-12408-6 , p. 152 .
  3. ↑ Hans E. Laux: Edible mushrooms and their poisonous doppelgangers . Collect mushrooms - the right way. Kosmos Verlags-GmbH, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10240-8 , p. 64 .
  4. ↑ Markus Flück: Which mushroom is that? 3. Edition. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-440-11561-9 , pp. 196 .
  5. ↑ Lillian Barros, Ricardo C. Calhelha, Josiana A. Vaz, Isabel CFR Ferreira, Paula Baptista, Letícia M. Estevinho: Antimicrobial activity and bioactive compounds of portuguese wild edible mushrooms methanolic extracts . In: European Food Research and Technology . tape 225 , no. 2 . Springer, 2007, ISSN  1438-2377 , p. 151–156 , doi : 10.1007 / s00217-006-0394-x (English, hdl.handle.net ).
  6. ↑ a b Lillian Barros, Paula Baptista, Daniela M. Correia, Susana Casal, Beatriz Oliveira, Isabel CFR Ferreira: Fatty acid and sugar compositions, and nutritional value of five wild edible mushrooms from Northeast Portugal . In: Food Chemistry . tape 105 , no. 1 . Elsevier, 2007, p. 140–145 , doi : 10.1016 / j.foodchem.2007.03.052 (English, hdl.handle.net ).
  7. ↑ VA Dıez, A. Alvarez: compositional and nutritional studies on two wild edible mushrooms from northwest Spain . In: Food Chemistry . tape 75 , no. 4 , December 2001, p. 417-422 , doi : 10.1016 / S0308-8146 (01) 00229-1 (English).
  8. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . tape 1 , 1821 (Latin, archive.org ).
  9. ^ Marcel Bon: Les Tricholomes de France et d'Europe occidentale . In: Encyclopédie Mycologique . tape 36 . Lechevalier, Paris 1984, ISBN 2-7205-0505-6 (French).
  10. ↑ a b Marcel Bon: Tricholomes de France et d'Europe occidentale - 4 - part descriptive . In: Société mycologique du Nord de la France (ed.): Documents Mycologiques . tape 6 , no. 22-23 , 1976, pp. 165-304 (French).
  11. ↑ Alexander H. Smith: Unusual North American agarics . In: The University of Notre Dame (Ed.): American Midland Naturalist . tape 32 , no. 3 , November 1944, pp. 669-698 (English).

Web links

Commons : Schwarzfaseriger Ritterling ( Tricholoma portentosum )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files