Black-scaled earth knight

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Black-scaled earth knight
Tricholoma atrosquamosum 186463.jpg

Black-scaly earth knight ( Tricholoma atrosquamosum )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Knightlings ( Tricholoma )
Type : Black-scaled earth knight
Scientific name
Tricholoma atrosquamosum
Sacc.

The black- scaly earth knight or peppery scales knight ( Tricholoma atrosquamosum , syn. Tricholoma atrosquamosum var. Squarrulosum ) is a leaf fungus from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae). It is a medium-sized mushroom with a white stalk and white lamellas, gray and dark from above. The white, non-discoloring meat has a weak, inconspicuous odor and tastes mild and never hot or bitter. The fruiting bodies of the quite rare mycorrhizal fungus appear in deciduous and coniferous forests from July to November. The mushroom is considered edible, but should only be collected by experienced mushroom pickers.

features

Macroscopic features

The firm and white fleshy hat is (4–) 7–10 (–12) cm wide. At first it is hemispherical, but soon it is flat arched and sometimes flat hunched. The knight keeps this shape for a long time, only later does the hat become irregularly bent or funnel-shaped deepened in the middle. The initially almost black, velvety felt-like surface tears up more and more, while the hat stretches and develops and tears into small, gray-brown, fibrous scales, so that the pale, slightly yellowish background becomes visible. The edge of the hat remains curved inwards for a long time and is often fringed with felt.

The bulging and relatively dense lamellae are bulging on the handle and can sometimes run down with a tooth. They are whitish and can turn gray with age. The lamellar cutting edge is flaky black or dotted with black or, more rarely, the same color. In many cases the cutting edges are more or less notched or eroded. The spore powder is white.

The cylindrical stem is 5–9 cm long and 0.8–1.5 (–2) cm wide. It is full, firm and whitish to gray in color and usually blackish scales at the tip or covered with blackish granules. But it can also be almost bald. The stem base is often pointed.

The thick, whitish to pale yellow or pale gray flesh is up to 5 mm thick in the middle of the hat. It is firm and fleshy and has a flamed fibrous stem. Hat and stem meat are somewhat different from each other. The meat has a weak, inconspicuous, slightly flour-like-aromatic smell, which, according to M. Bon, can sometimes be reminiscent of pepper or basil. It tastes more or less floury, at times slightly unpleasant but never spicy or bitter.

Microscopic features

The colorless, almost spherical to broadly ellipsoidal or elongated spores are smooth-walled and measure (5.5–) 6.0–7.5 (–8.0) × 4.0–5.0 µm. The apiculus is clearly developed. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is on average 1.3–1.6.

The club-like, four-pore basidia are 25–30 µm long and 6.0–7.0 µm wide. They don't have buckles . The bisporum form has two-pored basidia. The lamellar edges are heterogeneous or sterile. As a rule, cylindrical to irregularly clubbed, often blackish-brown pigmented cheilocystids measuring 22–48 × 3–7 µm are found on the lamellar edges . They are often referred to as marginal cells to distinguish them from "real cystids".

The top layer of the hat is a cutis that consists of lying, but sometimes also of tufted, dark brown encrusted, cylindrical or slightly bulbous hyphae . There are no buckles. The subpellis is not sharply demarcated from the hat trama . The stipitipellis is also a cutis of parallel, cylindrical and 4.0-10 µm wide hyphae. Here, too, one finds trichoderm-like clusters of erect hyphae.

Species delimitation

The black-scaled earth knight is very well characterized by the following properties. It has a gray, more or less black-scaled hat, mild, non-discoloring meat and a weakly floury to aromatic odor. Among the earth knights there are numerous similar gray-capped species that have a dull to scaly hat. The common earth knight ( Tricholoma terreum ) looks very similar . It is a strict companion of the pine tree, which has a finely felted or ingrown radial-fiber hat. Another similar knight is the Rötende Ritterling ( Tricholoma orirubens ), the meat of which turns red when cut. If in doubt, a drop of formalin solution will help. If you drop this on the base of the handle, the flesh of the reddening knight immediately turns red. The yellowing earth knight ( Tricholoma argyraceum ) also looks similar, but has yellowing flesh. Another gray-headed knight is the poisonous tiger knight ( Tricholoma pardinum ). He is usually much bigger and stronger. Its hat is 10-20 cm wide and it has much coarser, rounded to trapezoidal scales. Its lamellae sometimes have a blue-green tinge and older fruiting bodies have an unpleasant spermatic odor.

The scaly-stalked earth knight ( Tricholoma squarrulosum ) is particularly similar , which today is mostly only regarded as a variety of the black-scaly earth knight. It has smaller fruiting bodies, its hat is 2–5 cm in diameter and its spores are also significantly smaller (5.5–6.5 × 4.0–4.5 µm). In this variety, the stem is completely covered with brown-black flakes or granules.

Ecology and diffusion

European countries with evidence of finding of the black-scaled earth knight.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The black-scaled earth knight was found in Asia (Japan) and Europe. Although it is widespread in Europe, it is quite rare overall. Only in a few regions can it occur a little more frequently. In Scandinavia it is distributed up to the 65th parallel. Amazingly, it was also found in Greenland. The knight may be more common in Southeastern Europe than in Western and Central Europe. In Greece it is said to be quite common in oak (and coniferous) forests, and it is also widespread in Bulgaria. In Switzerland it is particularly widespread in the Jura, but also in the Central Plateau and the northern flank of the Alps, while it is quite rare in the Central Alps. The highest location is at 2140 m above sea level. In Austria, too, it is much more common in limestone areas and on neutral soils than on silicate rock. It is very rare in Tyrol, where there has been no evidence since 1990. In the upper Lech Valley ( Lechquellen Mountains ) it was found above 1600 m.

    The knight occurs particularly in various deciduous and coniferous forests on calcareous or alkaline clay or sand soils. It is found more often in the mountains than in the plains. The mycorrhizal fungus is mostly associated with red beech, more rarely with oak or spruce. The fruiting bodies appear singly or in small groups from September to November.

    Systematics

    The mushroom was first described in 1837 by François Fulgis Chevallier under the scientific name Agaricus atrosquamosum , before Pier Andrea Saccardo placed it in the genus Tricholoma as Tricholoma atrosquamosum in 1887 , so that it got its binomial that is valid today . The specific epithet is made up of the Latin adjectives atro (from ater = black) and squamosum (from squamosus = scaly). There are also some heterotypic synonyms . As described Giacomo Bresadola the taxon as Tricholoma nigromarginatum while the German mycologist Adalbert Ricken the fungus in 1915 as Tricholoma ramentaceum described. Because Ricken refers to the Basionym Agaricus ramentaceus Bull. In the description , many mycologists see it as a synonym for Tricholoma cingulatum , the ringed earth knight , others even see it as an independent species close to the ringed earth knight.

    • Tricholoma atrosquamosum ( G. Bresadola: Iconographia Mycologica Vol.2, Tab. 76)

    • Bresadola's Tricholoma nigromarginatum (" Icon-Mycol. Vol.2", Tab. 82)

    • Bresadola's Tricholoma squarrulosum ( "Icon-Mycol. Vol.2," Tab. 80)

    • Pierre Bulliards Plate 595, Figure III. shows Agaricus ramentaceus ("Herbier de la France")

    • Plate 92 Figure 5 from A. Rickens "Blätterpilze Vol. 2" shows Rickens Tricholoma ramentaceusum

    The black-scaled earth knight is placed in the Terrea section by some mycologists and in the Atrosquamosa section by others . The representatives of the section are characterized by whitish, gray or gray-black hats and a woolly, felty to scaly surface and mild-tasting meat, there are no buckles.

    Forms and varieties

    Some intraspecific taxa have also been described. This is how Marcel Bon described the form Tricholoma atrosquamosum f in 1975 . bisporum , which has two instead of four-pore basidia.

    In addition, M. Christensen and ME Noordeloos described the squarrulosum variety in 1999 . It is characterized by smaller spores (5.5–6.5 × 4.0–4.5 (-5.0) µm), a Q value of 1.3–1.4 and a stalk that extends over its entire length is scaly black. Overall, the mushroom is smaller and slender, its hat is 2–5 cm wide and its stem measures 2.5–3 × 0.4 cm. The taxon was described in 1892 by G. Bresadola as a separate species ( Tricholoma squarrulosum ) and was downgraded to a subspecies by Paul Konrad in 1929. Robert Kühner and Henri Romagnesi even downgraded the taxon to a form in 1953. However, the taxon is still viewed by some mycologists as a distinct species. The parvispora variety described by J. Raithelhuber in 1988 is also said to differ from the type in terms of its smaller spores .

    meaning

    The black-scaled earth knight should be edible, but since the gray-headed knight can easily be confused with poisonous species such as the tiger knight, we advise against collecting these mushrooms, especially since the related common earth knight is suspected of toxic substances which can cause muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolosis).

    swell

    • Tricholoma atrosquamosum. In: Index Fungorum. Retrieved August 30, 2015 .
    • Tricholoma atrosquamosum. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed August 30, 2015 .
    • Fredi Kasparek: About gray knights and their culinary value . In: The Tintling . tape 28 , no. 4 , 2001, p. 42 ( online [PDF]).

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp.  154 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    2. ^ A b Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-440-12408-6 , pp. 162 .
    3. ↑ a b c Karin Monday: Black- scaled earth knight Tricholoma atrosquamosum In the virtual mushroom book. In: Tintling.com . Retrieved August 30, 2015 .
    4. ^ A b Machiel E. Noordeloos, Th. W. Kuyper and Else Christine Vellinga: Flora agaricina neerlandica . Vol. 4. CRC Press, 1999, ISBN 90-5410-493-7 , pp. 132 ( online ).
    5. ↑ a b Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed on August 26, 2015 .
    6. ↑ a b Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF]).
    7. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Tricholoma atrosquamosum. Retrieved August 26, 2015 .
    8. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Tricholoma atrosquamosum. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved September 2, 2015 .
    9. ↑ a b Torbjørn Borgen, Steen A. Elborne and Henning Knudsen: Arctic and Alpine Mycology . Ed .: David Boertmann and Henning Knudsen. tape 6 . Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006, ISBN 978-87-635-1277-0 , A checklist of the Greenland basidiomycetes, p. 37–59, here 56 ( online ).
    10. ↑ Zdenko Tkalcec & Mesic Armin: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia. I. Families Pleurotaceae and Tricholomataceae. In: Mycotaxon . Vol. 81, 2002, pp. 113-176 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    11. ↑ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Tricholoma atrosquamosum. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved August 26, 2015 .
    12. ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Tricholoma atrosquamosum. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on August 26, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    13. ↑ a b GI Zervakis, E. Polemis, DM Dimou: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: III. Macrofungi recorded in Quercus forests from southern Peloponnese. In: Mycotaxon . Vol 84, 2002, pp. 141-162 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    14. ↑ a b DM Dimou, GI Zervakis & E. Polemis: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: IV. Macrofungi from Abies cephalonica forests and other intermixed tree species (Oxya Mt., central Greece). In: [Mycotaxon] . Vol: 104, 2008, p. 39–42 (English, online [PDF]).
    15. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]).
    16. ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . In: Acta Botanica Croatica . 2009 (English, PDF, 1.6MB ( memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed on August 26, 2015]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.protectedareas.mk
    17. ↑ Nahuby.sk - Atlas hub - Tricholoma atrosquamosum. (No longer available online.) In: nahuby.sk. Formerly in the original ; accessed on August 26, 2015 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.nahuby.sk  
    18. ↑ Grid map of Tricholoma atrosquamosum. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved August 26, 2015 .
    19. ↑ Tricholoma atrosquamosum. Pilzoek database, accessed August 26, 2015 .
    20. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Tricholoma atrosquamosum. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved August 26, 2015 .
    21. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; accessed on October 15, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
    22. ↑ a b Morten Christensen and Machiel E. Noordeloos: Notulae ad Floram agaricinam neerlandicam-XXXVI. Tricholoma . In: Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi . tape 17 , no. 2 , 1999, p. 295-317 ( online ).

    Web links

    Commons : Tricholoma atrosquamosum  - collection of images, videos and audio files