Green and yellow knight

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Green and yellow knight
Tricholoma sejunctum-493291.jpg

Green and yellow knight ( Tricholoma sejunctum )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Knightlings ( Tricholoma )
Type : Green and yellow knight
Scientific name
Tricholoma sejunctum
( Sowerby  : Fr. ) Quél.

The yellowish or greenish-yellow knight ( Tricholoma sejunctum ) is a leaf fungus from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae). The medium-sized to large fruit bodies have a more or less greasy, green-yellow to olive-yellow cap with a surface that is ingrown with radial fibers. The meat smells strongly floury and tastes mild to bitter. The mycorrhizal fungus grows predominantly in deciduous forests and is mostly associated with oak, birch or beech. The fruiting bodies of the rather rare and inedible knight appear from August to November.

features

The stem of the green and yellow knight is sometimes tinged with green to yellow.

Macroscopic features

The moderately to thick-fleshed hat has a diameter of 3–9 (–12) cm. It is initially conical-arched, then flat arched to spread out and usually has a clear, broad hump. The surface is ingrown with radial fibers and slightly greasy when wet. The color of the hat is very variable: the spectrum ranges from light yellow-green to dark olive. Usually it is mostly greenish with a more or less bronze colored center and a yellowish colored edge.

The rather dense, whitish lamellae are deeply indented on the stem. The spore powder is white.

The whitish, cylindrical to club-like stem is 7-10 (-13) cm long and 0.8-2.5 cm wide. It is often full-bodied, firm and rigid. The stem base is sometimes pointed. The stem is sometimes tinged with green. The tip of the stem is white, towards the base the stem is more yellowish in tint.

The whitish meat ( trama ), which does not discolour when pressed or in contact with atmospheric oxygen, is rigid and firm. Under the hat skin it can also be yellowish to greenish in color. It smells strongly and clearly floury or of cucumber, often with a fruity component. It tastes mealy and mildly, but often clearly bitter in the aftertaste.

Microscopic features

The almost spherical to elliptical ( inamyloid ) spores that do not discolour in iodine solution measure (5.5–) 6.0–7.5 (–8.5) × 4.5–6.0 µm and have a clearly developed apiculus . The quotient of spore length and width averages between 1.2 and 1.4.

The four-pore and buckle-free spore stands ( basidia ) are 31–43 µm long and 7.0–9.0 µm wide. The lamellar edges are fertile or have a few to numerous cystidoid-like cells that are thin-walled and irregularly shaped. The hat covering layer (Pileipellis) is an up to 200 µm thick ixocutis , which consists of septate fungal threads ( hyphae ). The cylindrical end cells measure 20-65 × 1.5-4.5 µm. The cell walls are translucent ( hyaline ) and very finely encrusted . The subpellis is well developed and consists of cylindrical, slightly inflated elements that are 20–65 µm long and 2.5–7.5 µm wide with encrusted cell walls. The stem bark ( Stipitipellis ) is a cutis made of lying cylindrical hyphae. The cell walls are hyaline or slightly encrusted. Sterile elements ( caulocystids ) are also found at the tip of the stem . They are cylindrical, 20–65 µm long and 2.0–6.5 µm wide. There are no buckles.

Species delimitation

The green and yellow knight is an extremely variable species, the exact delimitation of which from closely related species is controversial. It is characterized by the slightly greasy, more or less green-yellow, radial-fiber hat. The related greenling ( T. equestre ) differs in its intensely yellow fruiting body, yellow lamellae and its preference for coniferous forests and nutrient-poor, acidic soils.

The orange-brown knight ( T. arvernense ) is even more similar . Its hat is more yellow-orange in color, it also has smaller spores (5 × 3 µm), basidia with buckles and grows in the coniferous forest.

The most similar is the sawblade knightling ( T. viridilutescens ), which is viewed by some mycologists as an independent species and by others as a synonym of the green and yellow knightly. It should be a little narrower overall and more clearly yellow in the edge area of ​​the hat. Its blade edges are mostly roughly sawn. The meat is more or less yellowish and has a less noticeable floury smell and taste. The rare species grows in coniferous and mixed forests in the mountains. There is also the more gray-capped variety coniferarum of the green and yellow knight, which grows in the coniferous forest.

Ecology and phenology

The green and yellow knight is mainly associated with oak, beech and birch, so it is mainly found in deciduous and mixed deciduous forests. It particularly likes to grow on better, lime-rich clay or loam soils. It is rarely found on sandy soils.

The fruiting bodies of the mycorrhizal fungus appear in small groups from August to October (November).

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the Green and Yellow Knight.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The green and yellow knight occurs in North America (USA), Central America (Costa Rica), Asia (Japan, North Korea) and Europe. It is widespread in Europe, but only moderately to rarely. In the south, its distribution area extends from the Iberian Peninsula to Greece and Bulgaria to Ukraine. In the north you can find it all over Fennoscandinavia . In Great Britain it is widespread but not common, only absent on the Irish island. It is quite rare in the Netherlands. In Germany, too, the knight occurs only sparsely or rarely.

    Systematics

    The yellow-green knight was first described as Agaricus sejunctus by the British naturalist James Sowerby in 1799 . This name was sanctioned by Elias M. Fries . In 1872 the French mycologist Lucien Quélet placed it in the genus Tricholoma , which gave it its current scientific name. According to the Index Fungorum and Mycobank database, other homotypic synonyms are Agaricus leucoxanthus var.  Sejunctus (Sowerby) Pers. , Gyrophila sejuncta (Sowerby) Quél. and Melanoleuca sejuncta (Sowerby) William Alphonso Murrill . The scaly knight ( Tricholoma coryphaeum (Fr.) Gillet ) is also regarded as a synonym by some mycologists.

    According to Noordeloos and Christensen, there are at least two competing species concepts of Tricholoma sejunctum . T. sejunctum sensu Sowerby and T. sejunctum sensu Fries (1867), and MM Moser. T. sejunctum in the sense of Fries and Moser refers to a species from the coniferous forest that has more uniform yellow-brown colors and smaller spores. This species was newly described by M. Bon as Tricholoma arvernense . MM Moser, who also knew T. sejunctum sensu Sowerby, described this taxon under the scientific name T. viridilutescens . T. sejunctoides Orton and T. subsejunctum Peck (sensu Moser) also belong to the group of forms and are usually synonymous with T. arvernense .

    Numerous varieties have also been described. The ecological varieties fagetorum and coniferarum described by M. Bon are of a certain taxonomic importance . The fagetorum variety grows in the beech forest, while the second grows in the coniferous forest.

    • Tricholoma sejunctum sensu Sowerby corresponds to M. Mosers T. viridilutescens

    • Tricholoma sejunctum sensu Fries and Moser is synonymous with T. arvernense

    • Tricholoma coryphaeum (G. Bresadola Iconographia Mycologica Tab. 54)

    meaning

    According to M. Bon, the yellow-green knight is edible, but hardly tasty because of its bitter taste. Others describe it as inedible or even suspicious of poison, as it could contain the same toxins as the green mushroom, which was previously valued as an edible mushroom .

    swell

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b c Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp.  156 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    2. ↑ a b c d Machiel E. Noordeloos, Thomas W. Kuyper, Else C. Vellinga: Critical Monographs on Families of Agaric and Boleti Occurring in the Netherlands . In: Flora Agaricina Neerlandica . tape 4 . Taylor & Francis, 1999, ISBN 90-5410-493-7 , pp. 113 ( books.google.de ).
    3. ↑ a b c Karin Monday: Grüngelber Ritterling Tricholoma sejunctum In the virtual mushroom book. In: Tintling.com. Retrieved September 5, 2015 .
    4. ↑ Rapportsystemet för växter: Tricholoma sejunctum. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012 ; Retrieved September 5, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artportalen.se
    5. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Tricholoma sejunctum. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved September 5, 2015 .
    6. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279-282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF]).
    7. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Tricholoma sejunctum. Retrieved September 5, 2015 .
    8. ↑ Zdenko Tkalcec, Mesic Armin: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia. (=  Mycotaxon . Band 81 ). Volume I: Families Pleurotaceae and Tricholomataceae , 2002, p. 113-176 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    9. ↑ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Tricholoma sejunctum. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved September 5, 2015 .
    10. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Tricholoma sejunctum. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2016 ; Retrieved September 5, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    11. ↑ DM Dimou, GI Zervakis & E. Polemis: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece (=  Mycotaxon . Volume 104 ). Volume IV: Macrofungi from Abies cephalonica forests and other intermixed tree species (Oxya Mt., central Greece) , 2008, p. 39–42 (English, mycotaxon.com [PDF]).
    12. ↑ Tricholoma sejunctum. In: grzyby.pl. Retrieved September 5, 2015 .
    13. ↑ Ilkka Kytövuori et al .: Chapter 5.2, Distribution table of agarics and boletes in Finland . 2005, ISBN 952-11-1997-7 , pp. 105–225 ( helda.helsinki.fi [PDF] Original title: Suomen Helttasienten ja tattien levinneisyystaulukko .).
    14. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . tape 21 . Vaduz 2004 ( llv.li [PDF]). llv.li ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.llv.li
    15. ↑ Grid map of Tricholoma sejunctum. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved September 5, 2015 .
    16. ↑ Tricholoma sejunctum. Pilzoek database, accessed September 5, 2015 .
    17. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Tricholoma sejunctum. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015 ; accessed on September 5, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    18. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Tricholoma sejunctum. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved September 5, 2015 .
    19. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved September 5, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
    20. ↑ James Sowerby ,: Colored figures of English fungi or mushrooms . Ed .: J. Davis. London 1797 ( Text Archive - Internet Archive ).
    21. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . tape I . Ex Officina Berlingiana., Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 47 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    22. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Agaricus Sejunctus . In: Icones selectae hymenomycetum nondum delineatorum. sub auspiciis regiae Academiae Scientiarum Holmiensis . tape 1 , 1867, p. 21 (Latin, e-rara.ch plate 23 ).

    Web links

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