Fine-scaled knight

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Fine-scaled knight
Tricholoma imbricatum 68626.jpg

Fine-scaly knight ( Tricholoma imbricatum )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Knightlings ( Tricholoma )
Type : Fine-scaled knight
Scientific name
Tricholoma imbricatum
( Fr. ) ( P. Kumm. )

The fine-scaly knight ( Tricholoma imbricatum ) is a leaf fungus from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae). The medium-sized knight has a red to hazel brown hat with a dry, felt-like, fibrous hat skin that can break open in fine scales. The handle is bare, without boots and without a ring. The white, slightly browning meat tastes mild to bitter and has an inconspicuous odor. The mycorrhizal fungus grows in acidic coniferous forests, especially under pine trees. The local knight is widespread in almost all of Europe. Its fruiting bodies appear from August to November. He is also called a brown scaly or roof tile knight .

features

Macroscopic features

The fleshy, often broadly hunched hat is about 4–10 cm wide and dark or light hazel brown. The surface is dry, densely felt-like and fibrous and usually breaks up with fine flakes with age. The small, ingrown scales are arranged concentrically. The middle of the hat is more or less velvety and red-brown, while the hat is colored pale ocher-brown towards the edge.

The crowded and fairly wide lamellae are whitish to cream-colored and soon become pinkish-brown or rusty. They are bulging on the stem. The spore powder is white.

The 10–15 cm long and up to 2 cm wide stalk is usually more or less spindle-shaped and / or rooted. It is whitish to pale brown, fibrous striped to loosely red-brown fiber scaly. Towards the hat, the stem is noticeably paler, towards the base it is a little more brown in color. The transitions are fluid, a ring zone is not recognizable. The stem is full and firm and turns brown when pressed.

The flesh is whitish and in maggot tunnels (red) brownish. The smell is neutral and inconspicuous and never smells flour-like even when cut. The meat tastes mild to bitter.

Microscopic features

The more or less oval, inamyloid spores measure 5–8 × 4–5 µm. The hyphae of the epicutis are clubbed.

Species delimitation

The fine-scaled knight can usually be identified without any problems due to its combination of characteristics. Its most important features are: 1. The dry, never greasy, brown, fleshy and broadly hunched hat. 2. The absence of a ring or ring zone; and 3. Its occurrence in pines. There are a few other brown knights he could be confused with. However, these usually have other accompanying trees. The bearded knight ( T. vaccinum ) is quite similar . It is consistently smaller and thinner and the hat skin is coarser, felty and shaggy. The brim of this mushroom is hung shaggy. Most similar is probably the yellow-leaved knight ( Tricholoma fulvum ), which usually grows under birch trees . It can be recognized by its yellowish lamellae, the yellowish flesh and its flour odor.

Ecology and diffusion

European countries with evidence of finding of the fine-scaled knight.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The fungus is widespread in Europe and quite common in all pine areas in Europe. It has also been detected in North America (USA, Canada, Costa Rica).

    The fruiting bodies of the mycorrhizal fungus appear in coniferous forests from September to November. The most important companion tree is the pine, sometimes it also grows with spruce. According to M. Bon, it is rarely found under poplars or holm oaks. It likes to grow on more or less acidic (sandy) soils.

    Systematics

    etymology
    the Latin adjective imbricatus means roof-tile and refers to the scaly peeling skin of the hat. P. Kummer gave the mushroom the German name Dachziegliger Ritterling.

    The fine-scaled knight was first scientifically described and named as Agaricus imbricatus by EM Fries in his work "Observationes Mycologicae" in 1815 . This name was sanctioned by being mentioned in his "Systema Mycologicum" , so that the older homonym Agaricus imbricatus Batsch (1786) became illegitimate. In 1871 P. Kummer transferred the fungus to the genus Tricholoma , which gave the fine-scaled knight its current scientific name.

    In addition to the Basionym Agaricus imbricatus Fr. there are three other homotypical synonyms . In 1828 CH Persoon downgraded the taxon to a subspecies of Agaricus vaccinus and L. Quélet placed it in 1886 as Gyrophila imbricata in its newly created genus Gyrophila , while J. Raithelhuber put it in 1970 as Cortinellus imbricatus (Fr.) Raithelh. placed in the genus Cortinellus . Both new combinations could not prevail.

    There are also some heterotypic synonyms . In 1987 C. Kosina described Tricholoma fusipes Kosina as a new species. However, he had overlooked the fact that there was already an older homonym with Tricholoma fusipes E. Horak (1964), which is why the name he had chosen was invalid. Therefore he gave the taxon the new name Tricholoma subfusipes Kozina & Bon in 1989 together with M. Bon . But already a year later M. Bon downgraded the taxon as Tricholoma imbricatum var. Fusipes (Kosina) Bon , to a variety. Even the knightling Tricholoma subimbricatum , described by J. Velenovský in 1920, is no longer viewed by many mycologists as an independent species, but is synonymous with T. imbricatum .

    M. Bon places the fine-scaled knight in the Imbricata section . The representatives of the section somehow have hats colored from brown to yellow-ocher or rust-ocher. The hat skin is dry and flaky.

    meaning

    Mild specimens of the fine-scaled knight are considered conditionally edible. You should be able to use them in small quantities as mixed mushrooms. Nevertheless, many mushroom experts advise against consuming brown knights, as many species are incompatible, many taste bitter and none is particularly tasty. According to M. Bon, the fine-scaled knight should be inedible or slightly poisonous. A confusion with the white-brown knight ( T. albobrunneum ) that also grows under pines could be dangerous . This causes severe indigestion. His flesh smells like flour and the hat is greasy.

    swell

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b c d Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp.  158 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    2. ↑ a b c d Ewald Gerhardt: Mushrooms. Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, pigeons, milklings and other groups with lamellas (=  spectrum of nature / BLV intensive guide ). BLV, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 73 .
    3. ↑ a b c d e Karin Monday: Fine-scaly knight Tricholoma imbricatum In the virtual mushroom book. In: Tintling.com. Retrieved August 24, 2015 .
    4. ↑ Rapportsystemet för växter: Tricholoma imbricatum. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012 ; accessed on August 24, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artportalen.se
    5. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279-282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF]).
    6. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Tricholoma imbricatum. Retrieved August 24, 2015 .
    7. ↑ Zdenko Tkalcec & Mesic Armin: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia. I. Families Pleurotaceae and Tricholomataceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 81 , 2002, pp. 113-176 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    8. ↑ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Tricholoma imbricatum. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved August 24, 2015 .
    9. ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Tricholoma imbricatum. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved August 24, 2015 .
    10. ^ Georgios I. Zervakis et al .: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: II. Macrofungi associated with conifers in the Taygetos Mountain (Peloponnese). In: Mycotaxon . tape 83 , 2002, pp. 97-126 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    11. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . tape 21 . Vaduz 2004 ( llv.li [PDF]).
    12. ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . In: Acta Botanica Croatica . 2009 ( protectedareas.mk ( memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 1.6 MB ; accessed on August 24, 2015]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.protectedareas.mk
    13. ↑ Grid map of Tricholoma imbricatum. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved August 24, 2015 .
    14. ↑ Tricholoma imbricatum. Pilzoek database, accessed August 24, 2015 .
    15. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Tricholoma imbricatum. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: cybertruffle.org.uk. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015 ; accessed on August 24, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    16. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online. Tricholoma imbricatum. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved August 24, 2015 .
    17. ^ Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon Volume 9. imbricatus. 1907, Retrieved August 25, 2015 .
    18. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Observationes Mycologicae . Ed .: sumptibus G. Bonnieri [Hauniae]. tape 1 , 1815, p. 55 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    19. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . tape I . Ex Officina Berlingiana., Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 42 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    20. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1871, p. 126 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
    21. ↑ Christiaan Hendrik Persoon : Mycologia Europaea 3 . Erlangen, JJ Palmius, 1828, p.  184 ( cybertruffle ).
    22. ^ L. Quélet : Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium . Octave Dion, 1886, p.  12 ( Biodiversity Heritage Library ).
    23. ^ Nils Suber: Poisonings with brown knights . In: Westphalian mushroom letters . tape 1 (1957/1958) , pp. 46 ( wwwuser.gwdg.de [PDF]).

    Web links

    Commons : Tricholoma imbricatum  - collection of images, videos and audio files