Yellow-leaved knight

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Yellow-leaved knight
Tricholoma fulvum -Taunus mountains Germany.JPG

Yellow-leaved knight ( Tricholoma fulvum )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Knightlings ( Tricholoma )
Type : Yellow-leaved knight
Scientific name
Tricholoma fulvum
( DC .  : Fr. ) Bigeard & H.Guill.

The inedible yellow-leaved knight ( Tricholoma fulvum , syn. Tricholoma flavobrunneum ) is a type of mushroom from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae). The knight has a yellow to red-brown, greasy-shiny to dull hat, yellowish lamellas and more or less yellowish flesh, which has a floury smell and taste. The ringless stem becomes hollow with age. The fruiting bodies typically appear on birch trees from September to November, which is why the knight in Great Britain is also called "Birch Knight".

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 4–10 cm wide, arched when young, but soon spread out and depressed in the middle with age. He may have a poorly developed hump. The surface is smooth, dark red-brown to yellow-brown and often darker in color in the middle. The edge is often more yellowish brown in color. The hat skin is removable and slimy to smeary and shiny when wet. When dry, it is more or less matt, finely ingrown with radial fibers and, under the magnifying glass, reticulate. The brim of the hat is usually ribbed more or less broadly.

The crowded, fairly wide lamellae are rounded or bulged on the stem. They are pale yellow when young and later often have rust spots and can be quite rusty brown with age. The smooth edges in particular have a brownish speckle or a completely brown border. The spore powder is white.

The more or less cylindrical stem is 5-13 cm wide and 0.7-2 cm wide. Sometimes it can be a little bulbous and have a spindle-shaped root base. It is similarly yellow-brown in color as the hat and shows darker longitudinal fibers. Even the young, full stem is initially greasy and becomes hollow with age. The flesh is firm and whitish to pale yellow in the hat, more clearly yellow in the stem. It smells floury and tastes floury to bitter.

Microscopic features

The broadly elliptical spores are 5–7 µm long and 4–5 µm wide.

Species delimitation

Its young, greasy, shiny hat, its pale yellow lamellae and the floury-smelling and tasting, more or less yellowish flesh, as well as its occurrence in birch trees make this knight a well recognizable species. Only the pale-fleshed spruce knight ( Tricholoma pseudonictitans ) is very similar. It grows in spruce trees and always has a smooth, unribbed brim. In addition, its lamellae should be less yellowish. However, the pale-fleshed spruce funnel has recently been synonymous with the yellow-leaved knight.

The white-brown knight ( Tricholoma albobrunneum ) can also be quite similar . But it has white lamellas and white, reddening flesh that becomes quite bitter. The white-brown knight grows under pine trees.

ecology

The yellow-leaved knight occurs in and outside of forests near birches. The fruiting bodies appear solitary or gregarious, as well as in rows or mostly incomplete rings from late August to early November. The knight prefers moist to moderately dry, as well as alternately moist soils that are more or less acidic and poor in nutrients and can be sandy or loamy. You can find the knight equally on brown earth , podsole , gleye and pseudogleye and on flying and alluvial sands. However, it also grows on intermediate and raised bog peat. The possibly synonymous spruce knightling ( Tricholoma pseudonictitans ) also grows on neutral and more alkaline soils with spruce trees.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the yellow-leaved knight.
Legend:
green = countries with found reports
cream white = countries without evidence
light gray = no data
dark gray = non-European countries.

The knight is spread over the entire northern hemisphere. It occurs in North America, North Asia (Siberia, Kamchatka and Japan) and Europe and has also been detected in North Africa. However, the North American representatives may form an independent species. While the European representatives of this species are closely associated with birch trees, the North American representatives grow in different deciduous trees. The knight is widespread all over Europe and at least in northern, western and central Europe it is common to fairly common. Its distribution area extends from the Mediterranean to the boreal and subarctic Fennoscandinavia . In Norway you can find it up to the 70th parallel.

Systematics

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle described the yellow-leaved knight in 1805 under the name " Agaricus fulvus " and although it is not the oldest scientific description of the knight, this name became a basionym through EM Fries sactioning . Although the Swedish natural scientist Anders Jahan Retzius had already described a mushroom under the same name in 1769 (which Fries expressly refers to in his sactioning work "Systema mycologicum" (1821)), de Candolle's name is still valid due to the sactioning. In Frie's opinion, Retzius A. fulvus is a different mushroom than the one he intended. In his description, Fries also refers to three illustrations of the knight, plate 555 Fig. 2 and 574 Fig. 1 in Pierre Bulliard's work "Herbier de la France" (1792) and plate 62 by Jacob Christian Schäffer's work "Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu ". However, he calls it "incertus" , that is, insecure. Since Bulliard already used the name "Agaricus fulvus", he is named by some authors as the first author instead of de Candolle. In 1909 René Bigeard and Henri Guillemin placed the knight in the genus Tricholoma , giving it the scientific name that is used today.

Fries had already described the yellow-leaved knight in 1818 as Agaricus flavobrunneus . Under this name Paul Kummer introduced him in 1871 as Tricholoma flavobrunneum (Fr.) P. Kummer in the genus Tricholoma .

Many authors also see Agaricus nictitans Fr. or Tricholoma nictitans (Fr.) Gillet as synonyms . The very similar spruce knight Tricholoma pseudonictitans (Fr.) Bon is now considered a synonym by many authors. Other less common taxonomic synonyms are: Gyrophila fulva (Fr.) Quél. , Gyrophila acerba var. Nictitans (Fr.) Quél. and Gyrophila nictitans (Fr.) Quél. If the North American species "Callistosporium marginatum" (Peck) HE Bigelow is also synonymous, as some authors believe, its homonyms Clitocybe marginata Peck Peck (1902) and Monodelphus marginatus (Peck) Murrill (1915) are added.

  • Pierre Bulliard: Herbier de la France; Vol .: VII. Pl. 555. (Fig. 2 shows Agaricus fulvus )

  • Pierre Bulliard: Herbier de la France; Vol .: VII. Pl. 574. (Fig. 1 shows Agaricus fulvus )

  • Plate 62 in JCSchaeffers in Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu

etymology

The generic name Tricholoma is derived from the two Greek words θρίξ (Gen. τριχός) and λῶμα. Tricha is the hair and Loma is the hem of a dress or robe. This is probably an allusion to the hairy brim of the hat on some knights. The Latin epithet "fulvum" means yellow-brown or brownish.

meaning

The knight is considered inedible or even slightly poisonous. When consumed in large quantities, it is said to cause indigestion. However, some authors also describe it as edible (albeit inferior) if it has been heated long enough beforehand. In Norway, however, it is said to be valued as an edible mushroom.

swell

  • Paul Kirk: Tricholoma fulvum. In: Species Fungorum. Retrieved November 2, 2013 .
  • Tricholoma fulvum. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed November 2, 2013 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 158 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
  2. ↑ a b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Blattpilze I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 , p. 531.
  3. ^ A b Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-440-08457-4 , pp. 64 .
  4. ↑ Karin Montag: Yellow- leaved Knight Tricholoma fulvum In the virtual mushroom book. In: Tintling.com. Retrieved November 2, 2013 .
  5. ↑ a b Friedhelm Volk & Renate Volk: Collecting and determining mushrooms . ULMER EUGEN, 2004, ISBN 978-3-8001-4468-6 , pp. 84 .
  6. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Tricholoma fulvum. Retrieved November 12, 2013 .
  7. ↑ Zdenko Tkalcec & Mesic Armin: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia. I. Families Pleurotaceae and Tricholomataceae. In: Mycotaxon . Vol: 81, 2002, pp. 113-176 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  8. ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Tricholoma fulvum. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; Retrieved November 2, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  9. ↑ Grid map of Tricholoma fulvum. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved November 12, 2013 .
  10. ↑ Tricholoma fulvum. Pilzoek database, accessed November 12, 2013 .
  11. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Tricholoma fulvum. Fungi of Ukraine. In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. Retrieved November 12, 2013 .
  12. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Tricholoma fulvum. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved November 12, 2013 .
  13. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved November 12, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
  14. ↑ M. Kuo: Tricholoma fulvum. In: MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved November 2, 2013 .
  15. ^ Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck & Augustin Pyramus de Candolle: Flore française . tape II , 1805, pp. 186 (French, bibdigital.rjb.csic.es ).
  16. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . Volume I. Ex Officina Berlingiana., Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 37 (Latin, biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  17. ↑ P. Bulliard: Histoire des Champignons de la France . In: Herbier de la France VII. Volume II . Paris 1792, p. Plate 555 (French, online ).
  18. ^ Jacob Christian Schäffer: Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones; Tomus primus . Typis Keizerianis, Ratisbonae (Regensburg) 1762 ( bibdigital.rjb ).
  19. ^ René Bigeard & Henri Guillemin: Flore des champignons supérieurs de France . 1909, p. 89 (French, online ).
  20. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Observationes mycologicae . Ed .: sumptibus G. Bonnieri, Hauniae. Vol 2, 1818, pp. 119 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
  21. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 126 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  22. ^ Wilhelm Pape: θρίξ . Concise dictionary of the Greek language. tape 1 . Braunschweig 1914, Sp. 1219 ( online ).
  23. ↑ William Pape: λῶμα . Concise dictionary of the Greek language. tape 2 . Braunschweig 1914, Sp. 76 ( online ).
  24. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: fulvum . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 2871 ( zeno.org ).
  25. ↑ Roger Phillips: Tricholoma fulvum. (No longer available online.) In: rogersmushrooms.com. RogersMushrooms website, archived from the original on December 3, 2013 ; accessed on November 2, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
  26. ↑ The mushroom of the month September 2005 - yellow-leaved knight. In: www.norwegen-freunde.com. Norway Friends website, accessed November 2, 2013 .

Web links

Commons : Gelbblättriger Ritterling  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Tricholoma fulvum. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved November 2, 2013 (Italian, photos of the yellow-leaved knight).