Annoying knight

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Annoying knight
2014-09-19 Tricholoma inamoenum (Fr.) Gillet 464300.jpg

Troublesome knight ( Tricholoma inamoenum )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Knightlings ( Tricholoma )
Type : Annoying knight
Scientific name
Tricholoma inamoenum
( Fr .: Fr.) Gillet (1874)

The annoying knight or pine forest gas knight ( Tricholoma inamoenum ) is a type of mushroom from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae). The medium-sized knight has a matt, whitish hat and whitish, rather thick and distant lamellae. Its odor is unpleasant, like fluorescent gas, and its spores are strikingly large. The fruiting bodies of the mycorrhizal fungus appear from August to November mainly in mountain conifer forests under spruce trees. The mushroom is inedible.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 4–6 (–7.5) cm wide, initially bell-shaped, hemispherical or conical, later arched to spread out. Usually it has a well-developed hump. The surface is silky-matt and bare and dirty whitish to cream-colored. In the middle, the hat is often pale milk coffee-colored or pale ocher, the edge is smooth.

The broad, bulbous, whitish to pale yellow lamellae are bulged on the stem. They stand away and are quite fat. The lamellas and intermediate lamellas are very unequal in length. The lamellar edges of the same color are almost smooth to roughly eroded and the spore powder, like all knights, is white and inamyloid .

The cylindrical or club-shaped stalk is 5–12 cm long and 0.5–1.20 (-1.8) cm wide. It is slender, full and the stem bark is whitish, longitudinally fibrous and often dirty-brownish towards the base.

The thin, whitish flesh has a very unpleasant smell of coal gas or coal tar. The smell is strongly reminiscent of that of the sulfur knight . The taste is mild or cabbage-like and sometimes also slightly rancid or bitter.

Microscopic features

The ellipsoidal to elongated or almost cylindrical spores are 9.5–12.0 (–13.0) µm long and 6.0–7.5 (–8.0) µm wide and have a strikingly large apiculus . The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is on average 1.5–1.6.

The basidia , which are usually buckled, measure 39–56 × 9–12 µm and are usually four-pore. (But there are also isolated two-pore basidia). The lamellar edge is covered with basidia, cystidia are absent. The hat cover layer (Pileipellis) is a cutis that shows transitions to a Trichoderm . It consists of cylindrical hyphae 2.0–5.0 µm wide . The terminal hyphae ends are almost club-shaped and measure 20–34 × 5.5–11 µm. Intracellular pigments can hardly be seen. The stipitipellis is a cutis formed by narrow cylindrical hyphae 2.0–4.0 µm wide. Scattered, slightly clubbed caulocystids , which measure 13–30 × 2.0–7.0 µm and can occur individually or in clusters, are found especially towards the tip of the stem . There are hardly any buckles.

Species delimitation

There are numerous more or less white knights who are difficult to distinguish from one another. Important differentiating criteria are: location requirements, smell and taste, as well as microscopic features. Are particularly similar to the types of section Lasciva . These include the pale straw knight ( Tricholoma album ), the impudent knight ( Tricholoma lascivum ) and the white birch knight ( Tricholoma stiparophyllum ). The annoying knight differs from all these species by the combination of features of very large spores, relatively thick, distant lamellas and by its unpleasant smell, which is strongly reminiscent of that of the sulfur knight . The fungus can also be found in coniferous forests, while the fungi in the Lasciva section are mainly found in deciduous forests.

The straw-pale knight has lamellae that are similarly distant, but its spores are significantly smaller and it has a more sweet, aromatic smell.

Chemical ingredients

The unpleasant odor is mainly caused by indole and 1-octen-3-ol .

Ecology and diffusion

European countries with found evidence of the annoying knight.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The annoying knight has been found in North America (Canada and USA), Asia (Japan) and Europe. In Northern Europe the knight is widespread and very common up to almost the 67th parallel. In Estonia it is one of the most common agaric mushrooms. In western, central and southern Europe, it is found mainly in the mountain conifer forests and there especially in the limestone mountains. It is quite common in the Alpine countries, while there is little evidence from the Netherlands, Great Britain and Ireland. In Germany the fungus is common, but on the other hand it is absent in many places or is only very rare there.

    The annoying knight is a mycorrhizal fungus that is predominantly associated with spruce . It is found in Central Europe mainly in mountain conifer forests over 600 m above sea ​​level . The fruiting bodies, which can appear individually or in groups, appear between August and November. They often grow between blueberry bushes . The knight likes nutrient-rich limestone soils and can be very common in suitable locations. It is also a common fungus in the boreal coniferous forests of Northern Europe.

    Systematics

    Agaricus inamoenus in EM Frieses “Icones selectae hymenomycetum” Plate 38, Fig. 2

    The Annoying Ritterlingsartige is by Marcel Bon in the subgenus Sericeomyces and there into the section Inamoena asked. The characteristic features of this section are: silky, shiny hats and a little differentiated hat skin. The fruit bodies are usually pale white to yellowish and have a strong, mostly unpleasant or disgusting odor.

    The annoying knight was first described in 1815 by EM Fries as Agaricus inamoenus and sanctioned under this name in his work "Systema Mycologicum" in 1821 . In 1874 CC Gillet placed the knight in the genus Tricholoma . This new combination gave it its current name. Twelve years later, the French mycologist L. Quélet placed the Troublesome Knight as Gyrophila sulphurea var. Inamoena in his newly created genus Gyrophila , but two years later he upgraded it again as Gyrophila inamoena to the species. Both new combinations could not prevail, however.

    meaning

    Due to its unpleasant smell and the equally disgusting taste, the mushroom cannot be used in culinary terms.

    swell

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b c Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp.  152 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    2. ↑ a b c Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos mushroom atlas . 1st edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 66/1 .
    3. ↑ a b c d Cornelis Bas, Machiel E. Noordeloos, TW Kuyper and Else Christine Vellinga: Flora Agaricina Neerlandica . tape 4 . CRC Press, Rotterdam, Netherlands 1999, ISBN 90-5410-493-7 , pp. 142 ( google ).
    4. ^ William F. Wood, David L. Largent, Terry W. Henkel: Headspace analysis identifies indole and 1-octen-3-ol as the coal tar odor of Tricholoma inamoenum . In: Mycological Progress . tape 3 , 2004, p. 325-328 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-006-0102-z .
    5. ↑ Rapportsystemet för växter: Tricholoma inamoenum. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012 ; accessed on September 2, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artportalen.se
    6. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed on September 2, 2015 .
    7. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Tricholoma inamoenum. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved September 2, 2015 .
    8. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Tricholoma inamoenum. Retrieved September 2, 2015 .
    9. ↑ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Tricholoma inamoenum. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved September 2, 2015 .
    10. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Tricholoma inamoenum. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on September 2, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    11. ↑ Tricholoma inamoenum. (No longer available online.) In: grzyby.pl. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015 ; accessed on September 2, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.grzyby.pl
    12. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . tape 21 . Vaduz 2004 ( llv.li [PDF]).
    13. ↑ Nahuby.sk - Atlas hub - Tricholoma inamoenum. In: nahuby.sk. Retrieved September 2, 2015 .
    14. ↑ Grid map of Tricholoma inamoenum. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved September 2, 2015 .
    15. ↑ Tricholoma inamoenum. Pilzoek database, accessed September 2, 2015 .
    16. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; accessed on September 2, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
    17. ↑ Kuulo Kalamees: Checklist of the species of the genus Tricholoma (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes) in Estonia . In: Folia Cryptog. Estonica, Fasc. tape 47 , 2010, p. 27-36 ( www-1.ut.ee [PDF]). www-1.ut.ee ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www-1.ut.ee
    18. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Observationes Mycologicae . Ed .: sumptibus G. Bonnieri [Hauniae]. Tape. 1, 1815, p. 10 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    19. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . tape I . Ex Officina Berlingiana., Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 111 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    20. ^ Claude-Casimir Gillet: Les hyménomycètes ou Description de tous les champignons (fungi) qui croissent en France . avec l'indication de leurs propriétés utiles ou vénéneuses. 1874, p. 112 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
    21. ^ L. Quélet : Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium . Octave Dion, 1886, p.  14 ( Biodiversity Heritage Library ).
    22. ↑ Lucien Quélet: Flore mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes, par Lucien Quélet, . 1888 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).

    Web links

    Commons : Tricholoma inamoenum  - collection of images, videos and audio files