Straw pale knight

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Straw pale knight
Tricholoma album (2) .JPG

Straw pale knight ( Tricholoma album )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Knightlings ( Tricholoma )
Type : Straw pale knight
Scientific name
Tricholoma album
( Schaeff .: Fr. ) P. Kumm.

The straw pale knight ( Tricholoma album ) is a leaf fungus from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomaceae). The medium-sized knight has a hat that is initially silky white and later more or less ocher. It smells sweet, disgusting and unpleasant and tastes bitter at first and then spicy. The fruiting bodies of the inedible mycorrhizal fungus appear in deciduous and mixed forests between August and November. Its most important host tree is the oak. The fungus is unevenly distributed in almost all of Europe and only more common in certain areas. He is also called Sauerboden-Weiß-Ritterling , Acid-loving White-Knight or Distant- leaved Stink-Knight .

features

Macroscopic features

The hat has a diameter of 4–7 cm, rarely it can be a little larger. It is initially arched with a rolled edge, then spread out flat and often irregularly wavy. The moderately fleshy hat is rigid and brittle and not or hardly hunched. The surface of the hat is smooth, matt to silky and shiny, and in young fruit bodies it is pure white. Later the hats change color from the middle to an increasingly isabel color to ocher. The brim of the hat is neither grooved nor ribbed.

The young white, later cream-colored lamellae are bulging on the stem. At first they can be quite narrow, later they are quite distant and are mixed in very irregularly overall . The lamellar edges are weakly notched or roughly sawn.

The cylindrical and often bent stem is 5–10 cm long and 1–1.5 cm wide. The base can be a little pointed. The stem is full-bodied and firm and has a dull, whitish rind, which can sometimes be mottled with ocher to brownish spots. When touched, it tends to tan.

The stiff and firm flesh is whitish to cream-colored and does not discolour. It has a strong, intrusive, and difficult-to-describe odor. This is sweet (jasmine-like, like cheap soap or honey) and at the same time obtrusive earthy to beet-like. In addition, the smell can have a floury component. It tastes unpleasantly bitter at first and then burning hot. The spore powder is whitish.

Microscopic features

The broadly elliptical to elongated spores measure (5.0) 5.5–6.5 (7.0) × 3.5–4.5 (-5.0) µm and have a pronounced apiculus . The average Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.3–1.5. The four-pore basidia are 25–34 µm long and 5.0–6.0 µm wide. They have a buckle at their base and also cover the lamellar edges, cystidia are absent. The top layer of the hat is a cutis and consists of cylindrical hyphae 2.5–6.0 µm wide . Some terminal hyphae cells are almost club-shaped and measure 20–50 × 3.0–9.0 µm. The subpellis is not differentiated from the hat trama . It consists of cylindrical, inflated elements that are 19–50 (–70) µm long and 3.0–12 µm wide. Intracellular pigments are absent or very pale, while buckles are very rare and absent from most of the septa of the hymenium and outer layers.

Species delimitation

European countries with evidence of finding of the pale straw knight.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • White knights with a more or less matt hat surface are a difficult group to determine. The types are primarily differentiated on the basis of their location, their smell and their spore length. Two species are particularly similar and some mycologists have advocated grouping them into one species.

    On the one hand, there is the cheeky knight ( Tricholoma lascivum ), which has an equally disgusting, gaseous odor. It usually grows in deciduous forests under oak, hornbeam or red beech and less often under birch. It has significantly longer spores and more buckled septa in the cap skin, the stem bark and the hymenium.

    On the other hand, there is the ribbed gas knight ( Tricholoma stiparophyllum ). It is usually larger and stronger, has more regular, more closely spaced lamellae and a ringed brim. It mostly occurs under birch trees. It has a more musty, earthy smell. The White Knight ( T. pseudoalbum ), which is also still being separated by some authors, is now regarded by most mycologists as a synonym.

    The annoying knight ( T. inamoenum ) is also similar . But it usually grows in spruce trees in the coniferous forest and has larger spores. It too has an unpleasant fluorescent gas odor.

    Ecology and diffusion

    The fruiting bodies of the straw-pale knight appear from August to November individually to gregarious in deciduous and mixed forests. They can also be found at the edges of the forest and in meadows under birch trees. The mycorrhizal fungus prefers acidic sand or clay soils, its most important mycorrhizal partner is oak. But it can also enter into a symbiosis with beech, hornbeam, hazel, aspens and birch, as well as other deciduous trees.

    The fungus is believed to be spread across Europe. There is also evidence from East Asia (North and South Korea) and North America (USA and Canada). In Central Europe the fungus is scattered to moderately common. It may be absent in areas or very rare.

    Systematics

    Schäffer's 256th copper plate. Agaricus albus . The very white leaf sponge. ( Lectotype from Tricholoma album )

    The species was first scientifically described as Agaricus albus by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774 . This species name was sanctioned by Fries in 1821 . In 1871 P. Kummer placed the taxon in the genus Tricholoma . This new combination gave the mushroom its current name. Gyrophila alba is a homotypical synonym , since the French mycologist L. Quélet placed the taxon in his newly created genus Gyrophila in 1886 . Further heterotypical synonyms are Tricholoma album f. gracilis Bres. and Tricholoma thalliophilum Rene Henry Tricholoma thalliophilum differs from Tricholoma album only in that it turns blue-green with thallium oxide and sulfoformol , which is why M. Bon downgraded it in 1970 to the variety thalliophilum .

    The name Agaricus / Tricholoma albus / um has been misinterpreted by some authors. So it is with Tricholoma album sensu Fries, (Icones selectae hymenomycetum selectum nondum delineatorum (1874)) Table 43 and sensu J. Lange (1935) to stiparophyllum T. .

    Bon put the mushroom in the section Lasciva . The species in this section typically have a strong odor and a sharp and / or bitter taste. The hat skin is a poorly differentiated cutis, buckles are usually rarely found.

    meaning

    The straw pale knight is inedible due to its bitter and pungent taste.

    swell

    • Paul Kirk: Tricholoma album. In: Species Fungorum. Retrieved August 22, 2015 .
    • Tricholoma album. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed August 22, 2015 .
    • Machiel E. Noordeloos, Th. W. Kuyper and Else Christine Vellinga: Flora agaricina neerlandica . Vol. 4. CRC Press, 1999, ISBN 90-5410-493-7 ( online ).

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Jacob Christian Schäffer: Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones . Vol. 4. Typis Keizerianis, Ratisbonae (Regensburg) 1771, p. 68 ( bibdigital.rjb ).
    2. ^ A b Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . Volume I. Ex Officina Berlingiana, Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 53 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    3. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 126 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
    4. ↑ a b c Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 150 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    5. ↑ a b c d Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos mushroom atlas . 1st edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 68 .
    6. ↑ a b c Karin Monday: Straw-pale Knight Tricholoma album In the virtual mushroom book. In: Tintling.com . Retrieved August 22, 2015 .
    7. ^ A b c Machiel E. Noordeloos, Th. W. Kuyper and Else Christine Vellinga: Flora agaricina neerlandica . Vol. 4. CRC Press, 1999, ISBN 90-5410-493-7 ( online ).
    8. ↑ Rapportsystemet för växter: Tricholoma album. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012 ; accessed on August 23, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artportalen.se
    9. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed on August 23, 2015 .
    10. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF]).
    11. ↑ Zdenko Tkalcec & Mesic Armin: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia. I. Families Pleurotaceae and Tricholomataceae. In: Mycotaxon . Vol. 81, 2002, pp. 113-176 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    12. ↑ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Tricholoma album. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved on August 23, 2015 .
    13. ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Tricholoma album. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; accessed on August 23, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    14. ^ Z. Athanassiou & I. Theochari: Compléments à l'inventaire des Basidiomycètes de Grèce . In: Mycotaxon . Vol: 79, 2001, pp. 401-415 ( online ). online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    15. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]).
    16. ↑ Grid map of Tricholoma album. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved on August 23, 2015 .
    17. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Tricholoma album. Fungi of Ukraine. In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. Retrieved on August 23, 2015 .
    18. ^ Giacomo Bresadola: Iconographia Mycologica. Ed .: Gruppo Micologico «G. Bresadola ». Vol. III, 1928, pp. 367 (Latin, online ).
    19. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Icones selectae hymenomycetum nondum delineatorum Vol. I . 1874, p. 39 and Plate 43 ( description of Plate 43 ).

    Web links

    Commons : Tricholoma album  - album with pictures, videos and audio files