Ribbed gas knight

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Ribbed gas knight
2008-10-17 Tricholoma stiparophyllum (S. Lundell) P. Karst 221484.jpg

Ribbed gas knight ( Tricholoma stiparophyllum )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Knightlings ( Tricholoma )
Type : Ribbed gas knight
Scientific name
Tricholoma stiparophyllum
( N. Lund ) P. Karst.

The ribbed gas knight or birch knight ( Tricholoma stiparophyllum , syn. Tricholoma pseudoalbum ) is a leaf fungus from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae). The medium-sized to large knight has a predominantly whitish hat, often yellow ocher with age, with a short-ribbed edge and a strong, unpleasant odor. The inedible mycorrhizal fungus tastes very hot. It is mainly associated with birch trees and spreads over almost all of Europe.

features

Macroscopic features

The rather fleshy hat is rigid, brittle and 4–10 cm wide. It is initially conical or hemispherical, then arched and later more or less spread out. The middle of the hat is often hunched flat or slightly dented. The edge remains rolled up for a long time and is short ribbed, especially in large, mature specimens. The smooth, matt to silky surface of the hat is more or less whitish and, especially in the middle of the hat, has a cloudy, flecked yellow-ocher or yellow-brown color. With age, the entire hat often turns brown or ocher stained.

The mixed in, narrow lamellas are quite close and bulged on the handle. Sometimes they can run down with a tooth. The lamellae are white and often have small, rust-colored spots with age. The spore powder is white.

The cylindrical and often bent stem is 5–10 cm long and 1–1.5 (-3) cm wide. The stem base can sometimes be a little pointed. The stem bark is dull, whitish and can have brownish spots or a brownish tinge. The inside of the stem is full-bodied.

The flesh is whitish and can sometimes have a yellowish tone. It does not discolor and is rigid and firm. The smell is strong and unpleasant and is described very differently. It should smell gaseous or earthy (unpleasant like a peculiar barn floor). The meat often tastes bitter, a little floury, but always burning hot after some chewing.

Microscopic features

The broadly ellipsoidal to elongated spores measure 5.0–7.0 × 3.4–4.5 µm and have a fairly long apiculus . The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) averages 1.4–1.5.

The four-pore basidia are 26–32 µm long and 5.0–7.0 µm wide. The lamellar edge is fertile, there are no cystids . The top layer of the hat is a cutis of 2.5–7.0 µm wide, cylindrical hyphae. The hyphae ends are cylindrical to slightly clubbed and measure 20–45 × 3.5–9.0 µm. The subpellis cannot be distinguished from the Huttrama, which consists of inflated elements measuring 18–45 × 3.0–11 µm. The pigments in the top layer of the hat are pale and occur intracellularly. The stipitipellis is also a cutis made up of narrow, cylindrical hyphae 2.5–6.0 µm wide. Caulocystids are also found occasionally . These are simple, cylindrical or irregularly shaped and measure 15–35 × 3.0–5.0 µm, their cell walls are hyaline and colorless. Buckles are rare, but occur on many septa of the hat cover layer and the stem bark.

Species delimitation

The classic way of mistaking the ribbed gas knight is the insolent knight ( Tricholoma lascivum ), which has an equally disgusting, gas-like smell, but is associated with oak or beech. It is even more difficult to distinguish it from the straw-pale knight ( Tricholoma album ), because this knight can sometimes also occur in birch trees. The ribbed gas knight differs through its larger and stronger fruiting bodies, its irregularly bent hat, the edge of which is often ribbed, and through the more regular and compact lamellae.

The cheeky knight's hat is more yellowish-gray in color and has significantly larger spurs. The species occurs predominantly in beech or oak on better soils.

Ecology and diffusion

European countries with evidence of finding of the ribbed gas knight.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The species is widespread in Europe, but not common. It can be found from the subarctic to the Mediterranean, although the fungus can be quite common in some areas. More precise information on the frequency of the fungus is also difficult because it is often not differentiated from similar species.

    The ectomycorrhizal fungus is usually associated with birch trees. Spruce, poplar, red beech and oak should also be considered hosts. The knight can be found in mixed deciduous and coniferous forests on more or less acidic to neutral, rather nutrient-poor, not too dry and too moist, sandy soils. It is also rarely found on limestone soils.

    Systematics

    N. Lund, a student of EM Fries , first described the species as Agaricus stiparophyllus in 1845 . His description refers to a larger knight with a whitish-yellowish hat, which is strongly reminiscent of the ribbed knight ( T. acerbum ) and has both a strong smell and a sharp taste. N. Lund had picked the mushroom in the Stockholm area. Hermann Karsten placed the taxon in 1879 as Tricholoma stiparophyllum in the genus Tricholoma and adopted the original species concept. Based on the original diagnosis, T. pseudoalbum , which was described by M. Bon in 1970 , must be regarded as a synonym. Also Tricholoma album in the sense of the Danish mycologist JE Lange (1935), is a synonym. In addition, the species Tricholoma raphanicum described by PA Karsten is likely to be synonymous.

    meaning

    The spicy, sometimes bitter-tasting mushroom also has an extremely disgusting taste and is therefore inedible.

    swell

    • Machiel E. Noordeloos, Th. W. Kuyper and Else Christine Vellinga: Flora agaricina neerlandica . Vol. 4. CRC Press, 1999, ISBN 90-5410-493-7 , pp. 144 ( online ).

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b c d e Morten Christensen and Machiel E. Noordeloos: Notulae ad Floram agaricinam neerlandicam — XXXVI. Tricholoma . In: Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi . tape 17 , no. 2 , 1999, p. 295-317 ( online ).
    2. ↑ Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp.  150 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    3. ↑ a b c d Karin Monday: Gerippter Gas-Ritterling Tricholoma stiparophyllum In the virtual mushroom book. In: Tintling.com . Retrieved September 2, 2015 .
    4. ↑ Rapportsystemet för växter: Tricholoma stiparophyllum. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012 ; accessed on August 27, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artportalen.se
    5. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Tricholoma stiparophyllum. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved August 27, 2015 .
    6. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Tricholoma stiparophyllum. Accessed August 27, 2015 .
    7. ↑ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Tricholoma stiparophyllum. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Accessed August 27, 2015 .
    8. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Tricholoma stiparophyllum. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved August 27, 2015 .
    9. ↑ Tricholoma stiparophyllum. In: grzyby.pl. Retrieved August 27, 2015 .
    10. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]).
    11. ↑ Nahuby.sk - Atlas hub - Tricholoma stiparophyllum. In: nahuby.sk. Retrieved August 27, 2015 .
    12. ↑ Tricholoma stiparophyllum. Pilzoek database, accessed August 27, 2015 .
    13. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; accessed on August 27, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch

    Web links

    Commons : Gerippter Gas-Ritterling ( Tricholoma stiparophyllum )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
    • Tricholoma stiparophyllum. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved September 2, 2015 (Italian, photos from Gerippten Gas-Ritterling).