Brandy knight

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Brandy knight
Tricholoma.ustale .-. Lindsey.jpg

Brandiger Ritterling ( Tricholoma ustale )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Knightlings ( Tricholoma )
Type : Brandy knight
Scientific name
Tricholoma ustale
( Fr .: Fr.) P. Kumm.

The Brandige Ritterling or Brandige Laubwald-Ritterling ( Tricholoma ustale ) is a leaf fungus from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae). The medium-sized knight has a bald, red-brown, more or less greasy hat and a smooth stem without a ring or recognizable ring zone. Its meat tastes mild to bitter and has a faintly floury odor. The fruiting bodies of the mycorrhizal fungus appear from August to November in the deciduous forest, almost exclusively under the beeches. The poisonous knight is widespread in Central Europe.

features

Macroscopic features

The thick and firm fleshy cap is 4–8 (–12) cm wide, hemispherical to conical when young, then arched and finally flattened. The edge remains slightly curled for a long time. The smooth, bare surface is sticky and greasy in damp weather and shiny when dry. The hat is warm red-brown to maroon-brown and becomes paler towards the smooth edge. Often a fine, radial fiber, ingrown pattern can be seen. With age, the colors darken considerably and the middle of the hat is then almost brown-black.

The initially creamy white and dense lamellae are deeply indented on the stem. They are often mixed with numerous intermediate lamellae and become rusty with age. The spore powder is pale cream in color.

The very smooth looking stem is 4–10 cm long and 1–2 cm wide. The stem is firm and full in youth and mostly hollow in old age. The upper third is whitish, underneath the stalk is finely brownish-grained on a whitish background. Sometimes several fruit bodies are grown together in tufts at the base, a ring or a ring zone is never formed.

The firm, whitish flesh browns slightly when cut or if injured. It smells faintly flour-like and tastes mild to slightly earthy-bitter and floury in the aftertaste.

Microscopic features

The ellipsoidal spores are 5.5–7 µm long and 3.5–5 µm wide.

Species delimitation

There are numerous similar brown-hatched knights with whitish lamellas and whitish stems, some of which are difficult to distinguish. Within the sub- section Pessundata , these are mainly the dripped ( T. pessundatum ) and the yellow-leaved knight ( T. fulvum ). The dripped knight has a very greasy hat speckled with darker spots and grows on acidic soils in pine and spruce forests. The yellow-leaved knight has yellowish lamellae and yellowish discolouring flesh and grows in birch trees, more rarely in spruce trees. Within the sub- section Subannulata , this is primarily the bitter oak knight ( T. ustaloides ). But it has at least an indicated ring zone, a more grooved edge of the hat and a very bitter taste. The rare species grows on limestone soils under deciduous trees.

ecology

The Brandige Ritterling is a mycorrhizal fungus that mainly enters into a partnership with European beech. In rare cases oaks and outside of Germany also chestnuts ( Castanea ) can serve as hosts. As to be expected, the knight is therefore preferably found in red beech and red beech fir forests. It is also less common in the corresponding oak and oak-hornbeam forests . The fungus does not seem to make too great demands on the soil; it is found in both acidic grove and basic sedge-beech forests , preferring brown earth soils , but also occurs on Rendzina and Pseudogley and other soils. He prefers moderate temperatures, his temperature optimum is an annual temperature of + 7–8 ° C. Its fruiting bodies appear mostly from August to November, sometimes it can still be found in December. The mushroom is preferred in the hills and mountains, in Austria it rises up to 1300 m in Switzerland up to 1800 m above sea ​​level .

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the Brandigen Ritterlings.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The Brandige Ritterling was found in North America (Canada, USA), Asia (Japan, North Korea, South Korea) and Europe. However, it is not certain whether the Far Eastern and North American clans are really related to the European knight. In North America, the Brandigen Ritterling is found in California, where it occurs mainly under oaks. In Europe, the knight is widespread throughout Western and Central Europe. In the south it is found in Portugal, Spain and Italy, its south-eastern distribution is insufficiently known. However, it was found in Bulgaria and the Ukraine. In the north you can find it in southern Scandinavia and there are also a few records from Estonia. In Sweden its distribution area extends up to the 59th parallel and reaches its northernmost extent near Ålesund in Norway (62nd parallel).

    Systematics

    Agaricus ustalis in frieze Icones selectae hymenomycetum Vol. I.
    etymology
    The Latin epithet “ustalis / ustale” means burned or burned. It probably refers to the hat, which darkens strongly with age, which then looks like it has been burned. The German species name is also derived from it.

    The Brandige Ritterling was scientifically described for the first time in 1818 by EM Fries under the name Agaricus ustalis . This name was sanctioned by Fries in 1821. In 1871 P. Kummer introduced it as Tricholoma ustale in the genus Tricholoma . This new combination gave the mushroom its current scientific name. There is also a homotypical synonym with Gyrophila ustalis , because in 1886 the French mycologist L. Quélet transferred the knight to the genus Gyrophila he had created . Quélet's new combination could not prevail.

    Tricholoma fulvellum is a heterotypical synonym of the Brandigen Ritterlings. In 1838 Fries described the taxon as Agaricus fulvellus before the French botanist CC Gillet placed it in the genus Tricholoma in 1874 .

    Systematic classification within the genre

    M. Bon places the knight in the Pessudata subsection , which in turn is in the Albobrunnea section. The subsection houses mushrooms with brown, bald and more or less greasy hats and a smooth stem that does not have a clear ring zone.

    meaning

    The food value of the Brandigen Ritterlings is rated very differently. While some authors consider it edible, others classify it as poisonous or at least suspect. Since the brown-capped species are difficult to distinguish, they should not be collected for food purposes.

    In Japan, where poisoning with the churning knight is very common, scientists have isolated a toxin from the churning knight, which they named ustalic acid after the scientific name of the knight. Studies have shown that ustalic acid inhibits Na-K-ATPase .

    swell

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b c d Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp.  148-9, 158-9 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    2. ↑ a b c Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos mushroom atlas . 1st edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 68 .
    3. ↑ a b c d Karin Monday: Brandiger Ritterling Tricholoma ustale In the virtual mushroom book. In: Tintling.com . Retrieved January 30, 2014 .
    4. ↑ a b Tricholoma ustale. Pilzoek database, accessed January 30, 2014 .
    5. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed on January 31, 2014 .
    6. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; accessed on January 31, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
    7. ↑ Rapportsystemet för växter: Tricholoma ustale. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on December 24, 2009 ; Retrieved August 25, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artportalen.se
    8. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Tricholoma ustale. Retrieved August 25, 2015 .
    9. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF]).
    10. ↑ Zdenko Tkalcec, Mesic Armin: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia. I. Families Pleurotaceae and Tricholomataceae. In: Mycotaxon . Vol. 81, 2002, pp. 113-176 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    11. ↑ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Tricholoma ustale. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved April 8, 2016 .
    12. ↑ a b Worldwide distribution of Tricholoma ustale. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved January 30, 2014 .
    13. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]).
    14. ^ TV Andrianova and others: Tricholoma ustale. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015 ; accessed on January 30, 2014 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    15. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Tricholoma ustale. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved January 30, 2014 .
    16. ^ A b Alan E. Bessette, Arleen R. Bessette, Steven A. Trudell, William C. Roody: Tricholomas of North America . A Mushroom Field Guide. Ed .: University of Texas Press. Austin, Texas 2013, ISBN 0-292-74233-9 , pp. 164 ( online ).
    17. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Observationes mycologicae . Ed .: sumptibus G. Bonnieri. Vol 2, 1818, pp. 122 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
    18. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . Volume I. Ex Officina Berlingiana., Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 37 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    19. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 130 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
    20. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 28 (Latin, online ).
    21. ^ Claude-Casimir Gillet: Les hyménomycètes ou Description de tous les champignons (fungi) qui croissent en France . avec l'indication de leurs propriétés utiles ou vénéneuses. 1874, p. 93 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
    22. ↑ I. Hayakawa, H. Watanabe, H. Kigoshi: Synthesis of ustalic acid, an inhibitor of Na + , K + -ATPase . In: Tetrahedron . tape 64/25 , 2008, pp. 5873-77 , doi : 10.1016 / j.tet.2008.04.051 ( online [PDF]).

    Web links

    Commons : Brandiger Ritterling ( Tricholoma ustale )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files