Silky knight

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Silky knight
2012-10-12 Tricholoma columbetta (Fr.) P. Kumm 318304.jpg

Silky Knight ( Tricholoma columbetta )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Knight relatives (Tricholomataceae)
Genre : Knightlings ( Tricholoma )
Type : Silky knight
Scientific name
Tricholoma columbetta
( Fr  .: Fr.) P. Kumm.

The silky knight ( Tricholoma columbetta ) is a leaf fungus from the family of knight relatives (Tricholomataceae). The medium-sized knight has a white, silky, shiny hat that is initially conical and later more or less hunched. Sometimes it can also be pink-blotchy. The edible mushroom tastes mild and smells slightly floury. Its flesh does not turn yellow or red. The mycorrhizal fungus usually grows in beeches on acidic, nutrient-poor and sandy soils. It is spread almost all over Europe. The fruiting bodies appear between August and November.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 4–10 (–12) cm wide. When young it is more or less conical, then arched to spread out and often blunt or flatly hunched. The middle of the hat can also be pressed down slightly. The edge, which is slightly curled when young, is often lobed and wavy with age and can sometimes tear. The hat surface is white and has an ingrown radial, fine-fiber structure. Sometimes the middle can be pale ocher or have pink to reddish spots. The hat is slightly greasy to sticky when wet, while it has a silky sheen when dry.

The young, crowded and later more or less distant and irregular lamellae are bulged on the stem. They are bulbous and white, ivory or cream in color. Under certain circumstances they can have a hint of pink. The lamellar edge of the same color is initially smooth and later often eroded. As with all knights, the spore powder is white and inamyloid.

The cylindrical, white stem is 6–10 (–14) cm long and 0.8–2 cm wide. Towards the base it is usually slightly spindle-shaped and sometimes almost rooted. The stem bark is fibrous and silky, the upper part of the stem is often pink-blotchy, the lower part sometimes has blue-green spots. The flesh is white and does not turn yellow or redden. It smells slightly floury and tastes mild and also a little floury.

Microscopic features

The smooth, broadly ellipsoidal to elongated spores measure (5.0–) 5.5–7.0 (–7.5) × (3.5–) 4.0–5.0 (–5.5) µm. The average Q value (quotient of spore length and width is) 1.3–1.5.

The four-pore and rarely two-pore basidia are 22–38 µm long and 6.0–9.0 µm wide. Only in exceptional cases is a buckle formed at its base . The lamellar edges are fertile, so they have basidia and cystidia are absent.

The top layer of the hat (Pileipellis) is a thin ( ixo ) cutis and consists of narrow, cylindrical, 2.0–7.0 µm wide hyphae , which are sometimes slightly erect and sometimes slightly gelatinized in the center. The subpellis is fairly well developed and consists of more or less inflated elements measuring 20–70 × 3.5–12 µm. There are no pigments. The stipitipellis is also a cutis made up of narrow, cylindrical hyphae 2.0–8.0 µm wide, with no caulocystids . Buckles may be formed on some septa in the hymenium and in the hymenal trama, but they are missing in the top layer of the hat.

Species delimitation

The silky knight differs from other white-capped species by its radial, fine-grained hat surface and its mild-tasting meat. In addition, older fruiting bodies often have bluish or reddish spots. The white earth knight ( Tricholoma albidum ), which has a similar radial, fine-fiber hat, is very similar . However, this mushroom is usually much smaller and has yellowing flesh.

The hunchback knight ( Tricholoma umbonatum ) can be similar . He usually has a pointed hat, the center of which is pale ocher in color and sometimes tinted slightly olive. Its basidia have no buckles and its spurs are a little wider.

White forms of the soap knight can also look similar. But these have the typical curd soap or laundry room smell and reddening meat. The white-capped species of the Lasciva section (including the pale straw knight ( Tricholoma album ), the insolent knight ( Tricholoma lascivum ) and related species) differ in their smell and their sharp-tasting meat.

Ecology and diffusion

European countries with evidence of finding of the Silky Knight.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The fungus is widespread and patchy in Europe. In Northern Europe its occurrence is limited by the distribution area of ​​the oak and reaches there up to the 60th parallel. In many European countries the knight is absent-minded or rare. However, it can be quite common in certain areas, while it is often completely absent in limestone areas. Due to increasing eutrophication , the fungus has declined sharply in many European countries in recent decades.

    The mycorrhizal fungus is predominantly associated with beeches or oaks and is typically found in forests of common oak, birch-oak or acidic hornbeam-oak forests. The fungus has also been found sporadically in coniferous forests. It grows on nutrient-poor, more or less acidic sandy or silicate soils, limestone soils are avoided. The fruiting bodies of the knight appear in small groups from August to November.

    Systematics

    The silky knight was first described in 1821 in EM Friese's work "Systema Mycologicum" under the name Agaricius columbetta . In 1871 P. Kummer placed it in the genus Tricholoma , which gave the Täubling its current name. A homotypical synonym is Gyrophila columbetta , as the French mycologist L. Quélet placed the knight in the genus Gyrophila which he introduced. A heterosexual typical synonym is Krombholzes Agaricus sericeus , a taxon that M. Bon 1975 variety of Tricholoma columbretta var. Sericeum downgraded. The variety has a less conical, fine-grained hat with a reddish disc or more reddish-brown tones in the middle of the hat.

    M. Bon puts the Silky Knight in the Albata section . The representatives of the section have predominantly white or whitish fruit bodies with dry, silky shining hats. Buckles are very rare or absent and only occur in the hymenium.

    meaning

    The silky knight is a good edible mushroom. However, it should not be confused with white-capped death cap mushrooms. There is also a risk of confusion with the white crack fungus ( Inocybe fibrosa ) and the somewhat smaller lilac- white crack fungus ( Inocybe sambucina ), which are also both poisonous and can look very similar.

    swell

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp.  156 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    2. ↑ a b c d Cornelis Bas, Machiel E. Noordeloos, TW Kuyper and Else Christine Vellinga: Flora Agaricina Neerlandica . tape 4 . CRC Press ,, Rotterdam, Netherlands 1999, ISBN 90-5410-493-7 , pp. 117-18 ( google ).
    3. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF]).
    4. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Tricholoma columbetta. Retrieved August 26, 2015 .
    5. ↑ Zdenko Tkalcec & Mesic Armin: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia. I. Families Pleurotaceae and Tricholomataceae. In: Mycotaxon . Vol: 81, 2002, pp. 113-176 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    6. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Tricholoma columbetta. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved August 26, 2015 .
    7. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Tricholoma columbetta. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved August 26, 2015 .
    8. ↑ Tricholoma columbetta. In: grzyby.pl. Retrieved August 26, 2015 .
    9. ↑ M. Karadelev, K. Rusevska & N. Markova: Distribution and ecology of genus Tricholoma (Tricholomataceae) in the Republic of Macedonia . In: Ekol. Zašt. Život. Sred. tape 11 , no. 1/2 , 2008, p. 27–41 ( online [PDF] Macedonian: ДИСТРИБУЦИЈА И ЕКОЛОГИЈА НА ВИДОВИ ОД РОДОТ TRICHOLOMA (TRICHOLOMATACEAE) ВО РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНИЈ .).).
    10. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . tape 21 . Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]).
    11. ↑ Grid map of Tricholoma columbetta. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved August 26, 2015 .
    12. ↑ a b Tricholoma columbetta. Pilzoek database, accessed August 26, 2015 .
    13. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Tricholoma columbetta. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved August 26, 2015 .
    14. ↑ Distribution atlas of mushrooms in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; accessed on August 26, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
    15. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . tape I . Ex Officina Berlingiana., Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 44 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    16. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 131 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
    17. ^ L. Quélet : Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium . Octave Dion, 1886, p.  12 ( Biodiversity Heritage Library ).
    18. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide. All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-440-12408-6 , pp. 350 .

    Web links

    Commons : Tricholoma columbetta  - album with pictures, videos and audio files