Thread legs
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Lentil rash Typhula phacorrhiza |
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| Typhula | ||||||||||||
| ( Pers. ) Fr. |
The thread limbs ( Typhula ) are a genus of fungus from the family of thread limbs relatives (Typhulaceae). The species mainly decompose leaves, twigs or herbs and usually form small, club-shaped or narrowly cylindrical, but always unbranched fruiting bodies . Often they outgrow a hard, lenticular to bulbous perennial organ ( sclerotium ). Sclerotium was also the generic name for the mold-like secondary fruit forms ( anamorphs ) of the thread cones before they were placed in the genus Typhula with the main fruit forms ( teleomorphs ).
A few species also infect living plants and thereby cause typhula rot on lawns, for example . The clinical picture is also called " snow mold " because the infection likes to spread under the snow cover and bleached areas of dead grass and white to pink mold on the edges only become visible after the melt.
features
Macroscopic features
The small fruit bodies arise individually or in groups from a sclerotium or directly from the substrate. They are narrow cylindrical to narrow or broadly clubbed and usually divided into a clearly separated sterile stem and the fertile head. The fruiting bodies are usually white, in some species also ocher yellow to pink or they have a dark reddish stem. The meat is usually white, waxy, soft, cartilaginous or horn-like. The sclerotia (if present) are spherical to lens-shaped, hard and horny and colored yellow-brown to black-brown.
Microscopic features
The hyphae system is monomitic . Buckles are usually found on the septa of the hyaline hyphae , but these can also be missing. The basidia form 2–4, hyaline, mostly ellipsoidal, rarely cylindrical basidiospores , which are mostly smooth and can be amyloid or inamyloid . The spores are lobed in at least one species.
ecology
Typhula species mostly live saprotrophically on dead plant material such as grass, ferns, herbs, leaves or dead wood. Some species have a wide range of host plants, while others appear to be quite host-specific. A few species are facultative or opportunistic parasites of plants and grasses - such as Typhula quisquiliaris which parasitizes on bracken.
Most of the species described come from the northern, temperate zone. In the tropics or the southern hemisphere, the genus is either less common or has been largely overlooked.
species
Today the genus comprises 68 species worldwide, 44 species occur in Europe or are to be expected there.
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Systematics
The taxon was first discovered in 1801 by the mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon as Clavaria sect. Typhula described. He distinguished Typhula from Clavaria on the basis of the shape of the fruiting body, which in Typhula is clearly divided into a cap and stem. In 1818 Elias Magnus Fries raised the taxon to a genus in his work "Observationes mycologicae" . Within the newly created genus, Fries described three other species in addition to the type species Typhula phacorrhiza . Today the genus has around 150 species.
The genus was revised in 1950 by EJH Corner . He believed that one had to separate the otherwise very similar species of the genera Pistillaria and Pistillina , because in these, unlike in Typhula , the fruiting bodies do not develop from sclerotia. In a further revision of the genus by Jacques Berthier (1976), the two separated genera were reunited with the genus Typhula. Molecular biological studies of the rDNA genes showed that the genus belongs to the order Agaricales.
The genus Sclerotium
The genus Sclerotium was first described by the German mycologist and theologian Heinrich Julius Tode in 1790. She summarized different mushrooms in one genus that form sclerotia. Those are fruit body-like permanent forms that are formed by very thick-walled hyphae. Gradually, over 400 species were placed in this pure form taxon , which had the ability to form sclerotia or sclerotia-like structures as the only connecting characteristic, otherwise they belonged to completely different branches of the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota .
In order to create a monophyletic taxon, all species that do not belong to the genus Typhula were removed from the genus, since the type species of the genus, Sclerotium complanatum , is a secondary crop form (anamorphic) of Typhula setipes . However, the generic name Sclerotium , which is only used for the secondary crop forms, is now only a synonym for Typhula .
meaning
The psychrophilic species Typhula ishikariensis and Typhula incarnata are the causative agents of snow mold or typhula rot . This disease can destroy lawns that have been covered with snow for a long time. This is especially a problem when golf courses are in an unsuitable location. In addition, like Typhula phacorrhiza , the two species can cause damage to winter wheat.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 44.
- ↑ a b c J. Berthier: Monograph des Typhula , Pistillaria et genres voisins. Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 1976.
- ^ Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter, JA Stalpers: Dictionary of the Fungi . 10th edition. CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 (784 pages).
- ↑ Eric Strittmatter: The genus Typhula. In: Fungiworld.com. Mushroom Taxa Database. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014 ; accessed on January 6, 2014 .
- ↑ Christiaan Henrik Persoon: Synopsis methodica fungorum . sistens enumerationem omnium huc usque detectarum specierum, cum brevibus descriptionibus nec non synonymis et observationibus selectis. Henricum Dieterich, 1801, p. XVIII (Latin, Bibliothèque nationale de France ).
- ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Observationes mycologicae . Ed .: sumptibus G. Bonnieri [Hauniae]. tape 2 , 1818, p. 296 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
- ↑ Typhula (pers.) Fr., 2: 296, 1818. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed February 21, 2013 .
- ↑ EJH. Corner: A monograph of Clavaria and allied genera. Cambridge University Press, 1950.
- ^ Z, Xu, TC. Harrington, ML Gleason & JC Batzer: Phylogenetic placement of plant pathogenic Sclerotium species among teleomorph genera . In: Mycologia . tape 102 , no. 2 , 2010, p. 337–346 , doi : 10.3852 / 08-189 (English, public.iastate.edu [PDF; 423 kB ]).
- ↑ George Barron: Snow Molds. (No longer available online.) In: George Barron's Website on Fungi. Archived from the original on February 1, 2002 ; Retrieved February 21, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Edward F. Schneider, WL Seaman: Typhula phacorrhiza on winter wheat . In: Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology . tape 8 , no. 3 , September 1986, ISSN 0706-0661 , pp. 269-276 , doi : 10.1080 / 07060668609501799 .
