Holly

Holly
European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ), illustration
Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons Asterids Euasterids II Order : Holly (aquifoliales) Family : Holly family Genre : Holly
Scientific name of the  family
Aquifoliaceae
DC. ex A.Rich.
Scientific name of the  genus
ilex
L.

The holly ( Ilex ) also pods (hülsdorn, Stechhülsen), Hulst, winter berries , Christthorn or (in Austria) also called Schradler , are the only genus of the plant family of the holly family (Aquifoliaceae) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). Some species and varieties are ornamental plants for parks and gardens. The branches with the red fruits are used as Christmas decorations in Great Britain , France and North America and are also becoming increasingly popular in Central Europe.

etymology

Illustration from Addisonia - colored illustrations and popular descriptions of plants of the Myrtenblättrigen Holly ( Ilex myrtifolia )

All West Germanic languages have an Indo-European root word as hul- (ahd. HULIS , huls > (piercing) sleeves; medium Dutch huls > Dutch hulst ; Old English holeġn English> holly , from Hollywood ) reserve. The French language is the only one among the Romance languages ​​to have borrowed the Germanic word * hulis as houx . The same Indo-European root word explains Celtic words like Welsh celyn , Breton kelen (n), and Irish cuilleann .

In contrast, most Romance languages ​​retained the Latin word acrifolium (Latin 'needle-leafed, holly'; from Latin acris 'pointed' and Latin folium 'leaf' ), which was later misinterpreted as aquifolium . Also Agrifolium was a name for various Ilex species. The Italian agrifoglio and the Occitan grefuèhl ( (a) grifou (i) l , from which the false Frenchization Aigrefeuille ) also use.

description

The Ilex species are very similar in their generative characteristics, but the leaves are very different in shape.

Vegetative characteristics

Trunk and bark of Ilex mitis

European holly heterophylly ( Ilex aquifolium )

The Ilex species are summer or evergreen trees and shrubs that reach heights of 2 to 25 meters. The Ilex types do not contain resin.

Most alternate and usually two lines, often against continuously arranged on the branches leaves are usually stalked. In some species there is heterophylly . The often leathery, sometimes parchment-like to membranous leaf blades are simple. The leaf margins are smooth or serrate to thorny. The relatively small stipules are durable or ephemeral and leave a calloused scar.

Four-fold flower of the European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) in detail

Generative characteristics

Ilex species are dioecious, separate sexes ( dioecious ). The lateral, zymous inflorescences are mostly branched.

Flower diagram of Ilex aquifolium

Illustration of Ilex malabarica with six-fold flowers

Illustration Torrey's Flora of NY by Ilex glabra

The functionally unisexual flowers are relatively small, relatively inconspicuous, radial symmetry and usually four to six-fold with a double flower envelope ; there can also be up to 23 petals in a circle. The sepals are durable. The petals are only fused at their base or up to half their length and the corolla lobes overlap like a roof tile. The petals are often white or cream-colored, rarely green, yellow, pink to red. The male flowers usually have four to eight sepals and petals each. There is only the outer circle with four to eight stamens . The elongated egg-shaped anthers open lengthways. The male flowers have a rudimentary ovary. The female flowers usually have four to eight sepals and petals each. The staminodes are arrow-shaped or heart-shaped. Four to eight or ten carpels have become an upper constant, egg-shaped, four to eight or rarely zehnkammerige ovary grown; it is rarely hairy downy. A stylus is seldom developed. The scar is head-shaped, disc-shaped or columnar.

The red, brown to black, rarely green when ripe ( e.g. Ilex chapaensis ), mostly spherical stone fruits usually contain four to six, one to ten or even up to 23 stone kernels (sometimes called seeds). In the stone fruits, the exocarp is membranous or parchment-like and the mesocarp is fleshy. In stone cores, the endocarp is smooth, leathery, woody or rock-hard, grooved, grooved-furrowed or wrinkled and / or pitted.

Systematics and distribution

Taxonomy

The genus Ilex was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 125. The generic name Ilex comes from the Latin language and means "a kind of oak with prickly arbor and small acorn, holm oak or holm oak". Type species is Ilex aquifolium L. Synonyms Ilex L. are: Agrifolium Hill , Aquifolium Mill. , Macoucoua Aubl. , Nemopanthus Raf. , Prinos L. , Ilicioides Dum. Cours. nom. rej ., Pileostegia Turcz. nom. illegal. non hook. f. & Thomson . Friedrich von Berchtold and Karl Bořiwog Presl : O Přirozenosti rostlin, aneb rostlinar , 2, 110, 1825, pp. 440, 438 were set as the valid first publication for the Aquifoliaceae family . A synonym for Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J. Presl nom. cons. is Ilicaceae Dumort.

Internal systematics, types and distribution

The genus holly ( Ilex ) is distributed worldwide in all climatic zones ; most of their species thrive in the tropics and subtropics , centers of distribution are East Asia and South America . There is only one species in tropical Africa and only two species occur in northern Australia. In North America there are 17 species, in Europe four, in the People's Republic of China 204, of which 149 occur only there. Only a few species of the genus penetrate into the temperate areas in North America and East Asia . In Central Europe only one Ilex species is native, the European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ); it is common in Western Europe and the Mediterranean .

Subgenus Prinos : Ilex asprella habitus and deciduous leaves

Subgenus Prinos : Ilex macropoda ; Treetop in autumn

Subgenus Prinos : Ilex serrata without leaves with fruits

The genus Ilex comprises 400 to 600 species and is divided into three sub-genera:

• Subgenus Byronia (Endl.) Loes. :
  • It contains only one type:
    • Ilex polypyrena C.J.Tseng & BWLiu : This endemic thrives in forests at altitudes of around 1000 meters only on Mount Shiwan Dashan in the southern part of the Chinese autonomous region of Guangxi .
• Subgenus Prinos (L.) A.Gray :
  • It contains about twelve species:
    • Ilex aculeolata Nakai : It thrives at altitudes of 100 to 1200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Fujian , Guangdong , Guangxi, Guizhou , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangxi and Zhejiang (only in Taishun ).
    • Ilex asprella (Hook. & Arn.) Champ. ex Benth. : It is common in China as well as the Philippines and perhaps Vietnam.
    • Ilex chapaensis Merr. : It is common in northern Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan and southern Yunnan .
    • Ilex fragilis Hook. f. (Syn .: Ilex burmanica Merrill , Ilex opienensis S.Y.Hu ): It is widespread in Assam , Bhutan , Nepal , northern Myanmar , southern to southeastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region and in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou (only in Weining ), Sichuan and Yunnan .
    • Ilex kiangsiensis (SYHu) CJTseng & BWLiu : It thrives at altitudes of 700 to 1000 meters in the Chinese provinces of northern Guangdong (only in Ruyuan ), Hunan ( Xinhuang , Zhijiang ) and Jiangxi .
    • Ilex kusanoi Hayata : In Japan and Taiwan it only occurs in Huoshao Dao and Lan Yu .
    • Large-fruited holly ( Ilex macrocarpa Oliv. ): It thrives at altitudes of 400 to 4500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu , Jiangxi, southern Shaanxi , Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang .
    • Ilex macropoda Miq. : It is common in China, Japan and Korea .
    • Ilex micrococca Maxim. : It is common in China, Japan and Vietnam .
    • Ilex polyneura (Hand.-Mazz.) SYHu : It thrives at altitudes of 1000 to 2600 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou (only in Bijie ), southwest Sichuan, Yunnan and in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
    • Ilex serrata Thunb. : It is common in Japan and in the Chinese provinces of Fujian (only in Nanping ), Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Zhejiang.
    • Ilex tsoi Merr. & Chun : It thrives at altitudes of 300 to 2000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Sichuan and Zhejiang .

Subgenus Ilex Section Ilex : Branch with leaves of Ilex bioritsensis

Subgenus Ilex Section Ilex : Ilex corallina : Branch with alternate, stalked leaves and young fruits

Subgenus Ilex Section Ilex : Chinese holly ( Ilex cornuta )

Subgenus Ilex Section Ilex : Illustration of Ilex dipyrena

Subgenus Ilex Section Ilex : Ilex fargesii : twigs with alternate, stalked leaves

Subgenus Ilex Section Ilex : Ilex georgei : branch with leaves

Subgenus Ilex Section Ilex : Ilex integra : branch with leaves and four-fold flowers

Subgenus Ilex Section Ilex : Ilex latifolia

Subgenus Ilex Section Ilex : habitus of Ilex pernyi

Subgenus Ilex Lauroilex section : Illustration of Ilex omeiensis

Subgenus Ilex section Lioprinus : leaves and fruits of Ilex chinensis

Subgenus Ilex, section Lioprinus : leaves and fruits of Ilex rotunda

Subgenus Ilex section Lioprinus : inflorescences with flowers in detail from Ilex rotunda

Subgenus Ilex section Paltoria : Japanese holly ( Ilex crenata )

Subgenus Ilex section Paltoria : branch with single stalked leaves and inflorescence of Ilex pedunculosa

Subgenus Ilex Section Paltoria : Ilex pedunculosa

Subgenus Ilex section Paltoria : leaves and flowers of Ilex sugerokii

Subgenus Ilex section Paltoria : habitus of the Yunnan holly ( Ilex yunnanensis )

Subgenus Ilex Section Pseudoaquifolium : Ilex championii

Subgenus Ilex Section Pseudoaquifolium : Illustration of Ilex pubescens

Subgenus Ilex : branch with leaves, flowers and fruits of Ilex anomala

Subgenus Ilex : branch with deciduous leaves and six-fold flowers of Ilex anomala

Subgenus Ilex : European holly ( Ilex aquifolium )

Subgenus Ilex : Small-leaved holly ( Ilex canariensis )

Subgenus Ilex : branch with leaves and fruits of Ilex cassine

Subgenus Ilex : branch with leaves and fruits of Ilex colchicum

Subgenus Ilex : branch with alternate, simple leaves of Ilex cymosa

Subgenus Ilex : branch without leaves with fruits of Ilex decidua

Subgenus Ilex : Ilex dimorphophylla

Subgenus Ilex : branch with leaves and fruits of Ilex dumosa

Subgenus Ilex : branch with fruits of Ilex gardneriana

Subgenus Ilex : branch with fruits of Ilex geniculata

Subgenus Ilex : branch with leaves and flowers of Ilex kunthiana

Subgenus Ilex : branch with leaves and fruits of Ilex laevigata

Subgenus Ilex : branch with leaves and flowers of Ilex leucoclada

Subgenus Ilex : Ilex mitis

Subgenus Ilex : branch with alternate, stalked leaves of Ilex montana

Subgenus Ilex : Ilex mucronata

Subgenus Ilex : Habitus of Ilex myrtifolia

Subgenus Ilex : American holly ( Ilex opaca )

Subgenus Ilex : Mate shrub ( Ilex paraguariensis )

Subgenus Ilex : branch with leaves and flowers of Ilex rugosa

Subgenus Ilex : branch with alternate leaves and fruits of Ilex sapotifolia

Subgenus Ilex : branches with fruits without leaves of Ilex verticillata

Subgenus Ilex : leaves and fruits of Ilex vomitoria

• Subgenus Ilex L .: It contains the remaining 400 species and is divided into six sections (selection):
  • Section Ilex L. (Syn .: Sect.Aquifolium Gray ): Species occurring in China and Taiwan:
    • Ilex arisanensis Yamam. : This endemic thrives in forests at an altitude of around 800 meters only in the Alishan Mountains on the main island of Taiwan .
    • Ilex austrosinensis C.J. Tseng : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan.
    • Ilex bioritsensis Hayata : It occurs in China and Taiwan .
    • Ilex brachyphylla (Hand.-Mazz.) SYHu : It only occurs in southwestern Hunan.
    • Ilex buergeri Miq. : It is common in Japan and the Chinese provinces of southern Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.
    • Ilex centrochinensis S.Y.Hu : It thrives at altitudes of 500 to 1000 meters in the Chinese provinces, of course in Chongqing ( Fengjie , Wushan ), Hubei and Yunnan and is cultivated in Anhui.
    • Ilex chartaceifolia C.Y.Wu ex YRLi : It occurs in two varieties in northwestern and western Yunnan.
    • Ilex chengkouensis C.J.Tseng : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing and Sichuan.
    • Ilex chingiana Hu & Tang : It occurs in three varieties in Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Hunan.
    • Ilex chuniana S.Y.Hu : It occurs in southern Guangdong and Hainan.
    • Ilex ciliospinosa Loes. : It thrives at altitudes of 500 to 2600, rarely up to 3100 meters in the Chinese provinces of southeastern Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan and in the southeastern autonomous region of Tibet.
    • Ilex cinerea Champ. : It occurs in Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong and Vietnam.
    • Ilex confertiflora Marr. : It occurs in two varieties in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan.
    • Ilex Corallina Franch. : It thrives with two varieties at altitudes of mostly 700 to 2400 (400 to 3000) meters in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing , southern Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan.
    • Chinese holly ( Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxton ): It is common in China and Korea.
    • Ilex cupreonitens C.Y.Wu ex YRLi : It only thrives at altitudes of 1,800 to 2,200 meters in southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex cyrtura Merr. : It is common in Bhutan, northern Myanmar and the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and northwestern Yunnan.
    • Ilex dabieshanensis K.Yao & MPDeng : It only occurs in western Anhui.
    • Ilex dasyclada C.Y.Wu ex YRLi : It occurs only in southern Yunnan.
    • Ilex delavayi Franch. : Five varieties have been described. They occur in northern Myanmar, Tibet, and in Sichuan and Yunnan.
    • Ilex denticulata Wall. : It occurs in India and southern Yunnan.
    • Ilex dianguiensis C.J.Tseng : It occurs in Guizhou and Yunnan at altitudes of 1400 to 2000 meters.
    • Ilex dicarpa Y.R.Li : It occurs only in southeastern Tibet.
    • Himalayan holly ( Ilex dipyrena Wall. ): It is common in northern India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, northern Myanmar, southeastern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of southwestern Hubei, southwestern Sichuan ( Muli only ) and Yunnan.
    • Ilex dunniana H.Lév. (Syn .: Ilex chieniana S.Y.Hu , Ilex fangii (Rehder) SYHu ): It thrives at altitudes of 700 to 2200 meters in the Chinese provinces of eastern Guizhou, western Hubei, southwestern Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex euryoides C.J.Tseng : This endemic thrives in open forests at altitudes of 800 to 1500 meters only in Lichuan in the western part of the Chinese province of Hubei.
    • Ilex fargesii Franch. : It thrives with three varieties at altitudes of 1500 to 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Hunan, Sichuan, western Hubei, southern Shaanxi and southern Gansu.
    • Ilex fengqingensis C.Y.Wu ex YRLi : It thrives in forests and on the edge of the forest at altitudes of 2700 to 2800 meters only in the western part of the Chinese province of Yunnan.
    • Ilex ficoidea Hemsl. : It is common in China and Japan.
    • Ilex formosana Maxim. : It is distributed in two varieties in China, Taiwan and the Philippines .
    • Ilex franchetiana Loes. : It is distributed in two varieties in northern Myanmar and in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan and in southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region.
    • Ilex georgei Comber : It is common in Yunnan, western Sichuan, Tibet Autonomous Region, and northern Myanmar and northeastern India .
    • Ilex gingtungensis H.W.Li ex YRLi : It thrives at altitudes of 1800 to 2500 meters only in the southern and western parts of the Chinese province of Yunnan (only in Fengqing and Jingdong).
    • Ilex glomerata King : It is common in Malaysia , Myanmar, Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hunan.
    • Ilex graciliflora Champ. ex Benth. : This endemic thrives at low to medium altitudes only in Hong Kong including Lantau Island.
    • Ilex gracilis C.J. Tseng : This endemic thrives in evergreen laurel forests at altitudes of 2300 to 2900 meters only in Gongshan in the northwestern part of the Chinese province of Yunnan.
    • Ilex guangnanensis C.J. Tseng ex YRLi : It occurs only in southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex hookeri King : It occurs in India, Bhutan, northern Myanmar, Tibet and northwestern Yunnan.
    • Ilex hylonoma Hu & Tang : It occurs in two varieties in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and Zhejiang.
    • Ilex integra Thunb. : It is common in China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan.
    • Ilex intermedia Loes. ex Diels : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Sichuan.
    • Ilex intricata Hook. f. (Syn .: Ilex asiatica Sprengel nom. Illeg. Superfl. Non L. , Ilex integra var. Leucoclada Maxim. , Ilex leucoclada (Maxim.) Makino , Ilex othera Sprengel ): It is in Bhutan, Nepal, northern Myanmar, in the southeast Part of the Tibet Autonomous Region (only in Mêdog ) and the Chinese provinces of western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan (only Gongshan ).
    • Ilex kaushue S.Y.Hu : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex kunmingensis H.W.Li ex YRLi : It occurs in two varieties in Yunnan at altitudes of 2100 to 2500 meters.
    • Ilex latifolia Thunb. : It is common in China and Japan.
    • Ilex liana S.Y.Hu : It occurs at altitudes of 2800 to 2900 meters only in southern Yunnan.
    • Ilex macrostigma C.Y.Wu ex YRLi : It occurs only in northwestern Yunnan.
    • Ilex marlipoensis H.W.Li ex YRLi : It only occurs in southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex medogensis Y.R.Li : It occurs only in southeastern Tibet.
    • Ilex melanotricha Merr. : It occurs in northern Myanmar, in Tibet and in the Chinese provinces in Chongqing and Yunnan.
    • Ilex micropyrena C.Y.Wu ex YRLi : It occurs only in northwestern Yunnan.
    • Ilex miguensis S.Y.Hu : This endemic at altitudes of 3300 to 3600 meters only in southeastern Tibet.
    • Ilex nanningensis Hand.-Mazz. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan.
    • Ilex ningdeensis C.J.Tseng : It occurs in Fujian.
    • Ilex nothofagacifolia F.K.Ward : It is common in India, Myanmar and the Chinese province of Yunnan.
    • Ilex nubicola C.Y.Wu ex YRLi : It occurs only in southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex nuculicava S.Y.Hu : It occurs in three varieties in Hainan.
    • Ilex oblonga C.J. Tseng : It occurs in Guangxi.
    • Ilex occulta C.J. Tseng : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guandong and Guangxi.
    • Ilex peiradena S.Y.Hu : It occurs in southern Guangxi and Vietnam.
    • Ilex pentagona S.K.Chen, YXFeng & CFLiang : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of western Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan and southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex perlata C.Chen & SCHuang ex YRLi : It occurs only in southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex pernyi Franch. : It thrives at altitudes of 1000 to 2500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, southern Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, western Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, southern Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang and in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
    • Ilex perryana S.Y.Hu : It occurs in northeast India, northern Myanmar, southeast Tibet and northern Yunnan.
    • Ilex pingheensis C.J.Tseng : It occurs in Fujian.
    • Ilex pingnanensis S.Y.Hu : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi.
    • Ilex pubilimba Merr. & Chun : It occurs in Vietnam and Hainan.
    • Ilex punctatilimba C.Y.Wu ex YRLi : It thrives at altitudes of 2500 to 3000 meters in north-western and southern Yunnan.
    • Ilex robustinervosa C.J. Tseng ex SKChen & YXFeng : It occurs in Guangdong.
    • Ilex sikkimensis Short (Syn .: Ilex hookeri King ): It is common in the eastern Himalayas in Assam , Nepal, Bhutan, in the Tibet Autonomous Region and in the Chinese province of Yunnan.
    • Ilex subficoidea S.Y.Hu : It occurs in northern Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, southern Hunan and Jiangxi.
    • Ilex subodorata S.Y.Hu : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou and Yunnan.
    • Ilex subrugosa Loes. : It occurs in Tibet, western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.
    • Ilex suzukii S.Y.Hu : It occurs in Taiwan.
    • Ilex synpyrena C.J.Tseng : It occurs in Yunnan.
    • Ilex tenuis C.J. Tseng : It occurs in Guangdong.
    • Ilex tetramera (Rehd.) CJTseng : It occurs in two varieties in Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan.
    • Ilex trichocarpa H.W.Li ex YRLi : It occurs only in southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex tsangii S.Y.Hu : It occurs in two varieties in eastern Guangdong and Guangxi.
    • Ilex uraiensis Mori & Yamam. : It occurs in Taiwan, the Ryūkyū Islands and Fujian.
    • Ilex venosa C.Y.Wu ex YRLi : It occurs in Yunnan.
    • Ilex wangiana S.Y.Hu : It only occurs in northwestern Yunnan.
    • Ilex wattii loes. : It occurs in northeast India and southwest Yunnan.
    • Ilex wenchowensis S.Y.Hu : It occurs in Zhejiang.
    • Ilex wugonshanensis C.J.Tseng : It occurs in Jiangxi.
    • Ilex xizangensis Y.R.Li : This endemic thrives at altitudes of around 3200 meters only in southeastern Tibet.
    • Ilex yangchunensis C.J.Tseng ex SKChen & YXFeng : It occurs in Guangdong.
    • Ilex zhejiangensis C.J.Tseng ex SKChen & YXFeng : It occurs in Zhejiang.
  • Section Lauroilex S.Y.Hu : There are only three species in China and Taiwan:
    • Ilex omeiensis Hu & Tang : It thrives in mixed forests and on mountain slopes at altitudes of 500 to 1800 meters only in the Chinese province of Sichuan (only in Emei Shan , Hongya , Pingshan ).
    • Ilex syzygiophylla C.J.Tseng ex SKChen & YXFeng : This endemic thrives in open forests and along rivers in valleys at altitudes of 600 to 1600 meters only in Ruyuan and Yangshan in the northern part of the Chinese Guangdong.
    • Ilex venulosa Hook. f. : It is common in Yunnan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, northeast India and northern Myanmar.
  • Section Lioprinus S.Y.Hu : There are about 37 species in China and Taiwan:
    • Ilex angulata Merr. & Chun : It thrives in thickets and sparse forests on mountain slopes at altitudes of 400 to 500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Hainan.
    • Ilex atrata W.W. Smith : There are two varieties:
      • Ilex atrata W.W. Smith var. Atrata : It occurs in northern Myanmar and Yunnan.
      • Ilex atrata var. Wangii S.Y.Hu : It thrives in laurel forests on slopes at altitudes of 2000 to 2800 meters in southeastern Tibet (only in Mêdog ) and in Yunnan (in Gongshan , Luquan , Tengchong ).
    • Ilex cheniana T.R.Dudely : It only occurs in western Yunnan.
    • Ilex chinensis Sims (Syn .: Ilex jinggangshanensis C.J. Tseng , Ilex myriadenia Hance , Ilex oldhamii Miq. , Ilex purpurea Hassk. ): It occurs in Japan, Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan and Zhejiang.
    • Ilex dasyphylla Merr. (Syn .: Ilex flaveomollissima F.P.Metcalf ): It grows in open forests or bush forests on mountains and on roadsides at elevations of 300 to 700 meters in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi (only in Guinan ), Hunan and Jiangxi.
    • Ilex dehongensis S.K.Cheng & YXFeng : This endemic thrives in moist forests at altitudes of 900 to 1000 meters only in Longchuan in southwestern Yunnan.
    • Ilex editicostata Hu & Tang (Syn .: Ilex chowii S.Y.Hu ): It thrives in evergreen laurel forests and on the edges of forests on mountain slopes at altitudes of 500 to 1700 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Zhejiang before.
    • Ilex excelsa (Wall.) Hook. f. : There are two varieties:
      • Ilex excelsa (Wall.) Hook. f. var. excelsa (Syn .: Ilex doniana DC. , Ilex elliptica D. Don non Kunth , Ilex nepalensis Sprengel ): It occurs in northeastern India, Bhutan, Nepal and in the Chinese provinces of southeastern Guangxi (only in Rong ) and Yunnan.
      • Ilex excelsa var. Hypotricha (Loes.) SYHu : It occurs in Bangladesh, northern India, Bhutan, Nepal and in Yunnan.
    • Ilex ferruginea Hand .-- Mazz. : It thrives in dense forests on mountain slopes at altitudes of 1000 to 1900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan.
    • Ilex ficifolia C.J.Tseng ex SKChen & YXFeng : It thrives in forests on hills at altitudes of 400 to 1200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.
    • Ilex godajam (Colebr. Ex Wall.) Wall. (Syn .: Ilex capitellata Pierre ): It occurs in Assam, Sikkim , Bhutan, Nepal, Laos, Myanmar, in northern Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan and Yunnan.
    • Ilex hirsuta C.J.Tseng ex SKChen & YXFeng : It thrives in evergreen laurel forests at altitudes of 200 to 2000 meters in the Chinese provinces of western Hubei (only Lichuan ), Hunan (in Xuefeng Shan, Yongshun ), Jiangxi (in Shangyou , Suichuan ).
    • Ilex huana C.J.Tseng ex SKChen & YXFeng : It thrives in mountain forests at low to medium altitudes only in Baoting , Ledong and Wanning in Hainan.
    • Ilex jiuwanshanensis C.J.Tseng : This endemic thrives in dense evergreen laurel forests in mountain regions, mainly at medium altitudes, sometimes up to 1500 meters, only in Jiuwan Dashan and Rongshui in northern Guangxi.
    • Ilex kwangtungensis Merr. (Syn .: Ilex phanerophlebia Merr. , Ilex shweliensis H.F.Comber ): It thrives in evergreen laurel forests and in scrub forests on mountain slopes at altitudes of 300 to 1200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan and Zhejiang.
    • Ilex lancilimba Merr. : It thrives in forests or in thickets in valleys at altitudes of 300 to 1800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Fujian (only in Taining ), Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan.
    • Ilex latifrons Chun : It thrives in evergreen laurel forests at altitudes of 1200 to 1800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex linii C.J. Tseng : It thrives in evergreen laurel forests and in Pinus massoniana forests at altitudes of 500 to 1200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Zhejiang (only in Taishun ).
    • Ilex litseifolia Hu & Tang : It thrives in evergreen laurel forests and on the edges of forests on mountain slopes at altitudes of 700 to 1100 meters, rarely up to 2100 meters in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.
    • Ilex longzhouensis C.J.Tseng (Syn .: Ilex xylosmifolia C.Y.Wu ): It thrives in forests on limestone hills at altitudes of 500 to 1200 meters in southwestern Guangxi (only in Longzhou ) and in southeastern Yunnan (only in Funing ).
    • Ilex lonicerifolia Hayata : The two varieties are only found in Taiwan:
      • Ilex lonicerifolia Hayata var. Lonicerifolia (Syn .: Ilex hakkuensis Yamam. , Ilex lonicerifolia var. Hakkuensis (Yamam.) SYHu ): This endemic thrives in mountain forests at low to medium altitudes in Taiwan only in Nantou and Taichung .
      • Ilex lonicerifolia var. Matsudae (Yamam.) Yamam. (Syn .: Ilex matsudae Yamam. ): This endemic thrives in evergreen forests at altitudes of 100 to 300 meters in southern Taiwan only on the Hengchun peninsula .
    • Ilex machilifolia H.W.Li ex YRLi : This endemic thrives in mountain forests at altitudes of 1700 to 2000 meters only in Malipo in southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex maclurei Merr. : It occurs in Guangdong and northern Vietnam.
    • Ilex manneiensis S.Y.Hu : It thrives in forests at altitudes of 2400 to 3200 meters in Yunnan.
    • Ilex melanophylla H.T.Chang : It thrives in dense mixed forests at altitudes of 300 to 1200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong (only in Lechang ), Guangxi (only in Pingnan ) and Hunan.
    • Ilex pseudomachilifolia C.Y.Wu ex YRLi : This endemic thrives in forests on mountains at altitudes of around 1500 meters only in Pingbian in southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex pubigera (CYWu ex YRLi) SKChen & YXFeng (Syn .: Ilex purpurea var. Pubigera C.Y.Wu ex YRLi ): It has been a species since 1999. This endemic thrives in forests at altitudes of around 2100 meters. It only occurs in Wenshan in southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex pyrifolia C.J.Tseng : This endemic thrives in forests at altitudes from 1,100 to 3,000 meters in only Yingjing in Sichuan.
    • Ilex qianlingshanensis C.J.Tseng : It thrives in dense forests on mountains at altitudes of 1100 to 1300 meters in Guizhou.
    • Ilex rarasanensis Sasaki : It is only found in Taiwan.
    • Ilex robusta C.J. Tseng : This endemic thrives in mixed forests at altitudes of 400 to 1000 meters only in Pingnan in Guangxi.
    • Ilex rotunda Thunb. (Syn .: Ilex koshunensis Yamam. , Ilex microcarpa Lindl & Paxton. , Ilex sasakii Yamam. , Ilex unicanaliculata C.J.Tseng ): it is in China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan and the Ryukyu Islands spread.
    • Ilex sterrophylla Merr. & Chen : It occurs in Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, southern Guangxi and Hainan.
    • Ilex suaveolens (Levl.) Loes. (Syn .: Ilex debaoensis C.J.Tseng ): It thrives in evergreen rainforests at altitudes of 600 to 1600 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Anhui (only in Huang Shan ), Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan , Yunnan and Zhejiang before.
    • Ilex suichangensis C.Z.Zheng : This endemic thrives on the edges of forests at altitudes of around 1200 meters only in Suichang in Zhejiang.
    • Ilex tugitakayamensis Sasaki : It thrives in mountain forests at altitudes of 1500 to 2500 meters in Taiwan only in Taichung and Hsinchu and perhaps in Taitung .
    • Ilex umbellulata (Wall.) Loes. : It occurs in India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam and in Yunnan.
  • Section Paltoria (Ruiz & Pavon) Maxim. : There are about 16 species in China and Taiwan:
    • Japanese holly ( Ilex crenata Thunb. , Ilex nummularia Franch. & Sav. , Ilex helleri Craig ): It is common in Korea, China, Taiwan, Japan, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands .
    • Ilex ludianensis S.C. Huang ex YRLi : This endemic thrives on limestone mountains at altitudes of around 1400 meters only in Ludian in northeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex maximowicziana Loes. (Syn .: Ilex lilongshanensis H.E.Chiang ): In Taiwan it occurs only in Pingdong and Taidong and in Japan.
    • Ilex nanchuanensis Z.M.Tan : This endemic thrives in mountain forests at altitudes of 600 to 800 meters only in Nanchuan in Chongqing.
    • Ilex pedunculosa Miq. (Syn .: Ilex impressivena Yamam. , Ilex morrii Yamam. ): It is in Japan, in central to western Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of southern Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, southern Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, southern Shaanxi , Sichuan and Zhejiang.
    • Ilex reticulata C.J.Tseng : This endemic thrives on slopes at altitudes of 700 to 1500 meters only in Yangshuo in Guangxi.
    • Ilex rockii S.Y.Hu : It thrives at altitudes of 2700 to 3700, rarely up to 4300 meters in southeastern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.
    • Ilex shennongjiaensis T.R.Dudley : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 1800 to 2000 meters only in Shennongjia Linqu in western Hubei.
    • Ilex subcoriacea Z.M.Tan : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 900 to 2000 meters only in Butuo and Jinyang in western Sichuan.
    • Ilex subcrenata S.Y.Hu : It thrives in the undergrowth of dense forests at altitudes of 700 to 1500 meters only in northern Guangxi.
    • Ilex sugerokii Maxim. : It occurs in Sichuan, Japan and in central to northern Taiwan.
    • Ilex szechwanensis Loes. : It thrives at altitudes of rarely 200 to mostly 400 to 2500 meters in the southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region and in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan.
    • Ilex triflora flower : It is distributed from India and Bangladesh, via Myanmar, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia to Indonesia.
    • Ilex viridis Champ. ex Benth. : It thrives at altitudes of 300 to 1700, rarely up to 2100 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.
    • Ilex yuana S.Y.Hu (In the first description is Ilex yuiana and in the Flora of China Ilex yuana , the latter is not a misprint, since the species was named after its discoverer TT Yu and the correct Latinization is then yuana): It grows at altitudes of 1400 up to 2,300 meters only in the Dulong-Jiang Valley and in Tengchong in northwestern and southwestern Yunnan.
    • Yunnan holly ( Ilex yunnanensis Franch. ): There are four varieties:
      • Ilex yunnanensis var. Gentilis (Loes.) Rehder : In light forests and on mountains at altitudes of 1100 to 2600 meters in Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, southern Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan.
      • Ilex yunnanensis var. Parvifolia (Hayata) SYHu (Syn .: Ilex parvifolia Hayata , Ilex transarisanensis Hayata ): It thrives in mountain forests at altitudes of 2000 to 3300 meters in Taiwan.
      • Ilex yunnanensis var. Paucidentata S.Y.Hu : This endemic thrives on the edges of forests on hills at altitudes of about 2000 meters only in Weixi in northwestern Yunnan.
      • Ilex yunnanensis franch. var. yunnanensis : It thrives in evergreen laurel forests, Tsuga -Wäldern and bush forests on mountains at altitudes between 1,500 and 3,500 meters in northern Myanmar, in southeastern Tibet (in Zayu Southern) and the Chinese provinces of Gansu (only Wen ) Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, southern Shaanxi ( Liuba , Yang only ), Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Section Pseudoaquifolium S.Y.Hu : The approximately 50 species are mainly found in southern China:
    • Ilex bidens C.Y.Wu ex YRLi : This endemic thrives in forests in the summit area of ​​mountains at altitudes of 2,400 to 2,500 meters only in Jinping in southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex buxoides S.Y.Hu : You in dense or light forests and on mountains at altitudes of 800 to 1500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong and southern Guangxi (only in Shangsi).
    • Ilex cauliflora H.W.Li ex YRLi : This endemic thrives on mountains at altitudes of 2000 to 2600 meters only in Malipo in southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex chamaebuxus C.Y.Wu ex YRLi : It thrives in forests in the tropical Karst at altitudes of around 1100 meters only in Malipo and Xichou in southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex championii Loes. : It thrives in dense forests and valleys at altitudes of 600 to 1900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Fujian (only in Liancheng ), Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, southern Hunan (only in Yizhang ) and Jiangxi.
    • Ilex cochinchinensis (Lour.) Loes. (Syn .: Ilex ardisioides Loes. , Ilex cleyeroides Hayata , Ilex oligadenia Merrill & Chun ): It occurs in Cambodia, northern Vietnam, southern Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan.
    • Ilex dolichopoda Merr. & Chun : It thrives in forests and valleys at altitudes of around 600 meters only in Baoting and Qiongzhong in Hainan.
    • Ilex elmerrilliana S.Y.Hu (Syn .: Ilex subrotundifolia C.J.Qi & QZLin non Steyerm. ): It thrives in evergreen laurel forests, on shrubby locations and on forest edges at altitudes of rarely 200 to mostly 500 to 1500 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Anhui, Fujian , Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan (only in Junlian ) and Zhejiang.
    • Ilex estriata C.J.Tseng : You forest edges or in the thicket on mountainsides in Sichuan.
    • Ilex forrestii Comber : The two varieties:
      • Ilex forrestii Comber var. Forrestii : It thrives in evergreen laurel forests, in thickets and in valleys at altitudes from 1800 to 2900, rarely up to 3500 meters in Tibet in the Chinese provinces of western Sichuan ( Mianning only ) and northwestern Yunnan .
      • Ilex forrestii var. Glabra S.Y.Hu : It grows in deciduous and evergreen mixed forests, in the jungle and on mountain slopes at elevations from 2,500 to 2,900 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Sichuan (only Huili ) and Yunnan ( Gongshan , Luquan , Weixi ).
    • Ilex fukienensis S.Y.Hu : It thrives in forests and in thickets on mountains at altitudes of 600 to 900 meters in Fujian.
    • Ilex goshiensis Hayata : It is distributed in the Chinese provinces of southwest Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan and in Taiwan and the Japanese Ryūkyū Islands .
    • Ilex guizhouensis C.J. Tseng : It occurs in Guizhou.
    • Ilex hainanensis Merr. (Syn .: Ilex hunanensis C.J.Qi & QZLin ): It thrives in dense and light forests, in valleys and on mountain slopes at altitudes of 400 to 1000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong (only in Maoming , Yangjiang ), Guangxi, Guizhou, eastern Hainan, Hunan ( Suining , Tongdao , Zhangjiajie ) and southeastern Yunnan (only in Hekou , Jinping ).
    • Ilex hanceana Maxim. (Syn .: Ilex buxifolia Hance non Gardner ): It thrives at altitudes of 900 to 1800 meters in the Chinese provinces of southwest Fujian (only in Shanghang ), Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan (only in Ledong ) and Hunan.
    • Ilex hayatana Loes. : It occurs in Taiwan ( Nantou , Taichung , Yilan ) and Japan.
    • Ilex jiaolingensis C.J.Tseng : This endemic thrives in dense forests in the upper range of hills and in hilly areas at altitudes of 600 to 700 meters only in Jiaoling in Guangdong.
    • Ilex jinyunensis Z.M.Tan : It thrives in evergreen laurel forests and on mountains at altitudes of 700 to 800 meters in Chongqing.
    • Ilex kengii S.Y.Hu (Syn .: Ilex yanlingensis C.J.Qi & QZLin ): It thrives in sparse forests and in mixed forests on mountain slopes at altitudes of 200 to 1500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan (only in Yanling ) and Zhejiang.
    • Ilex kobuskiana S.Y.Hu : It occurs in Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Hainan.
    • Ilex liangii S.Y.Hu : It thrives in dense forests and sparse forests in valleys at altitudes of 800 to 1000 meters in Hainan.
    • Ilex lihuaensis T.R.Dudley (Syn .: Ilex rivularis Y.K.Li non Gardner ): This endemic thrives on rivers and mountains only in Libo in southern Guizhou.
    • Ilex lohfauensis Merr. :: It thrives in evergreen laurel forests, light forests and mountain slopes at altitudes of mostly 200 to 1000 (100 to 1300) meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Anhui (only Qimen , Xiuning ), Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi as well Zhejiang.
    • Ilex longecaudata Cumber : There are two varieties:
      • Ilex longecaudata var. Glabra S.Y.Hu : It thrives in evergreen laurel forests and on mountain slopes at elevations from 1,400 to 2,000 meters in the northwestern and southeastern Yunnan.
      • Ilex longecaudata Cumber var. Longecaudata : It thrives in evergreen laurel forests, mixed forests, valleys in the mountains at altitudes of 1300 to 2800 meters in Yunnan.
    • Ilex mamillata C.Y.Wu ex CJTseng : It thrives in forests on hills at altitudes of 200 to 300 meters in Guangxi and Yunnan.
    • Ilex memecylifolia Champ. ex Benth. : It occurs in northern Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Jiangxi.
    • Ilex metabaptista Loes. ex Diels : There have been two varieties since 2008:
      • Ilex metabaptista var. Bodinieri (Loes.) G.Barriera (Syn .: Ilex fargesii var. Bodinieri Loes. Ex H.Lév. ): This new combination took place in 2008. It thrives at altitudes of 400 to 1200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing ( only in Xiushan ), southern Guangxi (only in Shangsi ) and Guizhou.
      • Ilex metabaptista Loes. ex Diels var. metabaptista : It thrives at altitudes of 300 to 1100 meters in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan (only in Yiliang ).
    • Ilex nitidissima C.J.Tseng : It grows in dense or sparse forests, mixed forests and Gerg slopes at altitudes from 800 to 1300 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, southern Hunan (only in Yizhang ) and northeastern Jiangxi (only in Guangfeng ).
    • Ilex oligodonta Merr. & Chun : It thrives in dense forests, thickets and mountains at altitudes of 800 to 1200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong and in Yizhang in southern Hunan.
    • Hairy holly ( Ilex pubescens Hook. & Arn. ): There are two varieties:
      • Ilex pubescens var. Kwangsiensis Hand .-- Mazz. : It thrives in evergreen laurel forests at altitudes of 500 to 1000 meters in the Chinese provinces of western Guangxi (only Bose , Lingyun ), southern Guizhou (only Libo ) and southeastern Yunnan (only Funing , Yanshan ).
      • Ilex pubescens hook. & Arn. var. pubescens : It thrives in evergreen laurel forests, forest edges, to shrubby locations along rivers and on roadsides at altitudes of rare 0 to, usually 100 to 1,000 meters in Taiwan and the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou , Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.
    • Ilex qingyuanensis C.Z.Zheng : It thrives in evergreen laurel forests in valleys and on mountain slopes at altitudes of 600 to 1000 meters in Fujian and in Qingyuan in Zhejiang.
    • Ilex retusifolia S.Y.Hu : This endemic thrives in evergreen laurel forests and on mountains at altitudes of 500 to 2000 meters only in Xing'an in southern Guangxi.
    • Ilex salicina Hand.-Mazz. : It occurs in southern Guangxi and northern Vietnam.
    • Ilex saxicola C.J.Tseng & HHLiu : This endemic thrives in open forests and in rocky mountain areas at altitudes of 500 to 600 meters only in Longzhou in southwestern Guangxi.
    • Ilex shimeica Tam : This endemic thrives on sandy beaches at sea level only in Lingshi and Wanning in Hainan.
    • Ilex sinica (Loes.) SYHu : It thrives in light and in dense forests at altitudes of 500 to 1700 meters in Guangxi and in southern to southeastern Yunnan.
    • Ilex stewardii S.Y.Hu : It occurs in Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou (only in Dushan ) and Hunan.
    • Ilex strigillosa T.R.Dudley : This endemic thrives in forests and on mountains at altitudes of 600 to 1400 meters only in Xinfeng in Guangdong.
    • Ilex sublongecaudata C.J.Tseng & S.Liu ex YRLi : This endemic thrives in mountain forests at an altitude of about 2600 meters only in Longling in western Yunnan.
    • Ilex tamii T.R.Dudley (Syn .: Ilex revoluta Tam non Stapf nom. Illeg.): It was first described in 1997. It thrives in dense forests on mountain tops at medium to high altitudes in Hebao Dao in Guangdong and in Baoting and Wanning in Hainan.
    • Ilex tsiangiana C.J.Tseng : This endemic thrives in mixed forests at altitudes of 3000 to 4000 meters only in Cangshan in western Yunnan.
    • Ilex tutcheri Merr. : It thrives in forests and on mountain slopes at altitudes of 400 to 1,600 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi.
    • Ilex verisimilis Chun ex CJTseng ex SKChen & YXFeng : It thrives at altitudes of 800 to 1500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, northeastern Guangxi and southern Hunan.
    • Ilex wardii Merrill : It occurs in the Chinese province of Yunnan and in northern Myanmar.
    • Ilex wilsonii Loes. : There have been two varieties since 1984:
      • Ilex wilsonii var. Handel-mazzettii T.R.Dudley : This endemic thrives in mountain forests at altitudes of 900 to 1300 meters only in Wugang in southwestern Hunan.
      • Ilex wilsonii Loes. var. wilsonii : It thrives laurel forests in valleys, in the thickets and hills at altitudes from 400 to 1,900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan and Zhejiang and Taiwan.
    • Ilex wuana T.R.Dudley : It thrives in forests on mountain slopes at altitudes of 1200 to 2200 meters only in Yunnan.
    • Ilex xiaojinensis Y.Q.Wang : This endemic thrives in dense forests and on rivers at altitudes of 400 to 600 meters only in Xiaojin in Guangdong.
  • Here is a selection of species of the subgenus Ilex in alphabetical order without considering the section affiliation:
    • Ilex abscondita Steyerm. : It was first described in 1988. This endemic thrives only on the southern slopes of the Cañon Grande at an altitude of about 1900 meters in the Serranía La Neblina National Park in the state of Amazonas in southern Venezuela.
    • Ilex acutidenticulata Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela .
    • Ilex affinis Gardner : It is distributed from Brazil and Bolivia to southern South America.
    • Ilex aggregata (Ruiz & Pav.) Loes. : It occurs in Peru and Bolivia.
    • Ilex altiplana Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela and the Guyanas .
    • Ilex amazonensis Edwin : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Sand holly ( Ilex ambigua (Michx.) Torr. ): It is found in Oklahoma, Texas and the southeastern United States.
    • Ilex amboroica Loes. : It occurs in Ecuador and Bolivia.
    • Marsh holly ( Ilex amelanchier M.A.Curtis ex Chapm. ): It is found in the southeastern United States. It thrives on the coastal plains on the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico from Louisiana to Florida and extends north to North Carolina .
    • Ilex ampla I.M.Johnst. : It occurs in Central America .
    • Ilex amplifolia Rusby : It occurs in Bolivia.
    • Ilex amygdalina Reissek ex Loes. : It occurs in Peru.
    • Ilex andarensis Loes. : It occurs in Peru.
    • Ilex andicola Loes. : It occurs in Colombia , Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.
    • Ilex anodonta Standl. & Steyerm. : It occurs from Mexico to Central America.
    • Ilex anomala Hook. & Arn. : This endemic occurs only in the Society Islands .
    • Ilex anonoides Loes. (Syn .: Ilex crassifolia Hook. ) It is only known from the collection of types in the Peruvian Department of Puno .
    • Ilex apicidens N.E.Br. : It occurs in Venezuela and the Guyanas.
    • European holly or common holly ( Ilex aquifolium L. ): It is common in Europe, North Africa and West Asia. There are localities for Germany , Austria , Liechtenstein , Switzerland , Great Britain , Ireland , Denmark , Norway , Sweden , the Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , France (including Corsica ), Andorra , Spain (including the Balearic Islands ), Portugal , Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Lebanon , Syria , Iran , the Asian part of Turkey , Greece , North Macedonia , Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Montenegro , Serbia , Croatia , Slovenia , Italy (including Sardinia , Sicily ) and Malta .
      • Ilex aracamuniana Steyerm. : This endemic occurs in Venezuela only in a small area on Cerro Aracamuni in the state of Amazonas. There are no more recent data since 1998.
    • Ilex archeri Edwin : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Ilex ardisiifrons Reissek : It occurs in Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia.
    • Ilex argentina Lillo : It occurs in Bolivia only in the departments of Santa Cruz and Tarija and in Argentina only in the provinces of Catamarca , Jujuy , Salta and Tucumán . There is no current data.
    • Ilex arimensis Britton ex ROWilliams : This endemic occurs only in Trinidad and Tobago .
      • Ilex arnhemensis Loes. : It occurs in Australia.
    • Ilex asperula Mart. ex Reissek : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex atabopoensis T.R.Dudley : It is found in Venezuela.
    • Ilex attenuata Steyerm. : It occurs only in a small area in the Serra Pirapucú in Brazil, near the Venezuelan border.
    • Ilex auricula S.Andrews : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex azuensis Loes. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.
    • Ilex bahiahondica (Loes.) PAGonzalez : It occurs in Cuba.
    • Ilex barahonica Loes. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.
    • Ilex belizensis Lundell : It occurs from Mexico to Central America.
    • Ilex berteroi Loes. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.
    • Ilex blancheana Judd : This endemic occurs only in a small area in Haiti .
    • Ilex blanchetii Loes. : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex bolivarensis Edwin : It occurs in Colombia.
    • Ilex boliviana Britton : It occurs in Bolivia and there is also a report that it is said to occur in Peru.
    • Ilex brandegeana Loes. : It occurs from Mexico via Guatemala to El Salvador .
    • Ilex brasiliensis Loes. : It occurs from Brazil to southern South America.
    • Ilex brevicuspis Reissek : It occurs from Brazil to southern South America.
    • Ilex brevipedicellata Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela and the Guyanas.
    • Ilex bullata Cuatrec. : It occurs in Colombia.
    • Ilex buxifolia Gardner : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Small-leaved holly ( Ilex canariensis Poir. ): It occurs in the Canary Islands and Madeira .
    • Ilex caniensis J.F. Macbr . : It is only known from the collection of types in the Peruvian Department of Huánuco .
    • Ilex casiquiarensis Loes. : It occurs in Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil and the Guyanas.
    • Ilex cassine L. : It comes in the southeastern United States ( South Carolina , North Carolina , Virginia, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana , Mississippi), in Texas, in southern Mexico, the Bahamas , in Cuba and in Puerto Rico before .
    • Ilex celebensis Capit. : It occurs in Sumatra , Sulawesi , the Moluccas , the Lesser Sunda Islands and Sabah .
    • Ilex cerasifolia Reissek : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex chamaedryfolia Reissek : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex chiriquensis Standl. : It occurs from Central America to Colombia.
    • Ilex ciliolata Steyerm. : This endemic occurs in Venezuela only in Bolívar from El Paují to Uaiparú near Kavanayén. in front.
    • Ilex cissoidea Loes. : It occurs in Sumatra , Sulawesi and Borneo .
    • Ilex clementis Britton & P.Wilson : It occurs on Caribbean islands.
    • Ilex cognata Reissek : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex colchica Pojark. : It is common in Bulgaria , Turkey and the Caucasus .
    • Ilex collina Alexander : It occurs in the eastern US states of Virginia, West Virginia and North Carolina. The stocks in Georgia and Tennessee are considered extinct. In 2018, a total of only about 4000 copies were determined.
    • Ilex colombiana Cuatrec. : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
    • Ilex condensata Turcz. : It occurs in Mexico.
    • Ilex congonhina Loes. : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex conocarpa Reissek : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex cookii Britton & P.Wilson : This endemic occurs only in Puerto Rico . Only one adult specimen with side shoots is known on Cerro de Punta, there are also a few young specimens on Monte Jayuya. In 2018, it was rated "Critically Endangered" by the IUCN.
    • Ilex coriacea (Pursh) Chapm. : It occurs only in the coastal area from the Atlantic to the Gulf of Mexico of the US states Virginia , South Carolina , North Carolina , Mississippi , Louisiana , Georgia , Florida , Alabama to Texas .
    • Ilex costaricensis Donn.Sm. : It occurs in Central America in Costa Rica , Nicaragua and Panama and was also described from Mexico in 2019.
    • Ilex costata Edwin : It occurs in Brazil and the Guyanas.
    • Ilex cowanii Wurdack : This endemic is only known from a dense mountain forest at altitudes above 1800 meters from Cerro Huachamacari in the Venezuelan state of Amazonas.
    • Ilex crassifolia Meerb. : It occurs in Peru.
    • Ilex crassifolioides Loes. : It occurs in Peru.
    • Ilex cubana Loes. : It occurs in Cuba.
    • Ilex culmenicola Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Ilex cuthbertii Small : It is only found in South Carolina and may have died out in Georgia.
    • Ilex cuzcoana Loes. : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
    • Ilex cymosa flower : It is in Cambodia , Vietnam , Myanmar , Thailand , on the Malay Peninsula , in Singapore , on Sumatra, Java , Borneo (in Sabah, Sarawak , Brunei , Kalimantan ), in the Philippines , in Sulawesi , on the Moluccas andwidespreadin Papua New Guinea .
    • Ilex danielis Killip & Cuatrec. : It occurs in Colombia and Venezuela.
    • Ilex daphnogenea Reissek : It occurs in the Guyanas.
    • Ilex davidsei Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela only in the state of Amazonas in the Río Pasimoni basin and in the Guyanas.
    • Ilex decidua Walter : She is based in the states of Arkansas , Alabama , Florida , Georgia , southern Illinois , southern Indiana , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Louisiana , Mississippi, Missouri , North Carolina, South Carolina, Oklahoma , Tennessee , Texas, Virginia as well as in the District of Columbia and in the northern Mexican states of Nuevo León , Coahuila , Querétaro , San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas .
    • Ilex dimorphophylla Koidz. : This endemic occurs only on the Ryūkyū Islands .
    • Ilex dioica (Vahl) Griseb. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.
    • Ilex diospyroides Reissek : It occurs in Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil.
    • Ilex discolor Hemsl. : It occurs from Mexico to Central America.
    • Ilex diuretica Mart. ex Reissek : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex divaricata Mart. ex Reissek : It occurs in Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil.
    • Ilex duarteensis Loes. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.
    • Ilex dugesii Fernald : It occurs in Mexico.
    • Ilex duidae Gleason : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Ilex dumosa Reissek : It occurs from Brazil to southern South America.
    • Ilex elliptica Kunth : It occurs in Colombia and Peru.
    • Ilex eoa Alain : It occurs on Caribbean islands.
    • Ilex ericoides Loes. : It occurs in Ecuador and Peru.
    • Ilex euryaeformis Reissek : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex fanshawei Edwin : It occurs in the Guyanas.
    • Ilex farallonensis Cuatrec. : It occurs in Colombia.
    • Ilex floribunda Reissek ex Maxim. : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex florifera Fawc. & Rendle : It occurs on Caribbean islands.
    • Ilex flosparva Cuatrec. : It occurs in Colombia.
    • Ilex fortunensis W.J. Hahn : It occurs in Central America and was also described from Mexico in 2019.
    • Ilex friburgensis Loes. : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex fuertesiana Loes. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.
    • Ilex gabinetensis Cuatrec. : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
    • Ilex gabrielleana Loizeau & Spichiger : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
    • Ilex gale Triana & Planch. : It occurs in Colombia.
    • Ilex gardneriana Wight : This extinct species wasendemic tothe Nilgiri Mountains in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu .
    • Ilex geniculata Maxim. : Your home is Japan.
    • Ilex glabella Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Ilex glabra (L.) A.Gray : It thrives in eastern North America on the coastal plains of all US states along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Texas and north to southern New Jersey , Maryland and Delaware , including the islands of Pennsylvania as well as Arkansas and it is common from New England to Canadian Nova Scotia .
    • Ilex glaucophylla Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Ilex glazioviana Loes. : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex gleasoniana Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Ilex gotardensis Loizeau & Spichiger : It occurs in Peru.
    • Ilex goudotii Loes. : It occurs in Colombia as well as Bolivia.
    • Ilex gracilipes Merr. : It occurs in Mexico.
    • Ilex grandis Reissek : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex gransabanensis Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Ilex guaiquinimae Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Ilex guayusa Loes. : It is common in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and the Brazilian state of Acre .
    • Ilex guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze : It is distributed from Mexico via Central America and the Caribbean islands to Colombia, Venezuela and the Guyanas.
    • Ilex gundlachiana Loes. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.
    • Ilex haberi (Lundell) WJHahn : It occurs in Central America and was also described for Mexico in 2019.
    • Ilex harrisii Loes. : It occurs on Caribbean islands.
    • Ilex hemiepiphytica W.J. Hahn : It occurs in Central America.
    • Ilex hippocrateoides Kunth : It occurs in Peru and Bolivia.
    • Ilex holstii Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Ilex huachamacariana Edwin : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Ilex hualgayoca Loizeau & Spichiger : It occurs in Ecuador and Bolivia.
    • Ilex hypaneura loes . : It occurs on Caribbean islands.
    • Ilex ignicola Steyerm.
    • Ilex imbricata Rusby
    • Ilex impressa Ekman & Loes.
    • Ilex insignis Hook. f. (Syn .: Ilex kingiana Cockerell ): It occurs in the Himalayas of Sikkim and Nepal and perhaps in the Chinese province of Yunnan.
    • Ilex integerrima rice sec
    • Ilex inundata Poepp. ex rice sec
    • Ilex jamaicana Proctor
    • Ilex jauaensis Steyerm.
    • Ilex jelskii paybr.
    • Ilex jenmanii Loes.
    • Ilex johnstonii Merr.
    • Ilex julianii Edwin
    • Ilex juttana Loizeau & Spichiger
    • Ilex karstenii Loes.
    • Ilex karuaiana Steyerm.
    • Ilex Krugiana Loes.
    • Ilex Kunthiana Triana
    • Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A.Gray : It is widespread in the United States.
    • Ilex lamprophylla standl.
    • Ilex lasseri Edwin
    • Ilex laureola Triana
    • Ilex laurina Kunth
    • Ilex lechleri Loes.
    • Ilex leucoclada (Maxim.) Makino : It occurs only in Japan.
    • Ilex liebmannii standl.
    • Ilex liesneri Steyerm.
    • Ilex lilianeae Loizeau & Spichiger
    • Ilex longipes Chapm. ex Trel.
    • Ilex longipetiolata Loes.
    • Ilex longipilosa Steyerm.
    • Ilex loranthoides Mart. ex rice sec
    • Ilex loretoica Loes.
    • Ilex lundii Warm.
    • Ilex maasiana Loizeau & Spichiger
    • Ilex macarenensis Cuatrec.
    • Ilex macbridiana Edwin
    • Ilex macfadyenii (Walp.) Rehder
    • Ilex magnifolia Cuatrec.
    • Ilex magnifructa Edwin
    • Ilex maguirei Wurdack
    • Ilex mandonii loes.
    • Ilex manitzii P.A.Gonzalez
    • Ilex marahuacae Steyerm.
    • Ilex marginata Edwin
    • Ilex martiniana Lamb.
    • Ilex mathewsii Loes.
    • Ilex maxima W.J. Hahn
    • Ilex mexicana (Turcz.) Black ex Hemsl.
    • Ilex micrantha Triana
    • Ilex microdonta Reissek
    • Ilex microphylla Hook.
    • Ilex microsticta Loes.
    • Ilex microwrightioides Loes.
    • Ilex minutifolia J.F. Macbr.
    • Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk. (Syn .: Ilex capensis Sond. & Harv. , Ilex monticola Tul. ): It is widespread in Africa and Madagascar.
    • Mountain Holly ( Ilex montana Torr. & A.Gray ): It is widespread in the United States.
    • Ilex montana Torr. & A.Gray
    • Ilex montebellensis Lozada-Pérez
    • Ilex mucronata (L.) M. Powell, Savol. & S.Andrews
    • Ilex mucronulata Cuatrec.
    • Ilex mucugensis Groppo
    • Ilex myricoides Kunth
    • Myrtle-leaved holly ( Ilex myrtifolia Walter ): It is found in the southeastern United States.
    • Ilex nayana Cuatrec.
    • Ilex neblinensis Edwin
    • Ilex nervosa Triana
    • Ilex nitida (Vahl) Maxim.
    • Ilex nummularia Reissek
    • Ilex obcordata Sw.
    • Ilex obtusata Triana & Planch.
    • Ilex odorata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (Syn .: Ilex theaefolia Hook. f. ): It occurs in the Himalayas in Nepal , Assam and perhaps in Myanmar.
    • Ilex oligoneura loes.
    • Ilex oliveriana Loes.
    • American holly ( Ilex opaca Aiton ): It is common in the central and eastern United States.
    • Ilex organensis Loes.
    • Ilex ovalifolia Bonpl. ex Miers
    • Ilex ovalis (Ruiz & Pav.) Loes.
    • Ilex pallida standl.
    • Ilex paltorioides Reissek
    • Mate bush ( Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. ): It is widespread in South America in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay and is used for the production of mate tea .
    • Ilex paruensis Steyerm.
    • Ilex parvifructa Edwin
    • Ilex paujiensis Steyerm.
    • Ilex perado Aiton : It only occurs in the Azores , Madeira and the Canaries .
    • Ilex pernervata Cuatrec.
    • Ilex petiolaris Benth.
    • Ilex phillyreifolia Reissek
    • Ilex polita Steyerm.
    • Ilex pringlei Standl. : It occurs in Mexico.
    • Ilex prostrata Groppo
    • Ilex psammophila Reissek
    • Ilex pseudobuxus Reissek
    • Ilex pseudodorata Loes. : It occurs in the Himalayas from Mussoorie to Nepal.
    • Ilex pseudoebenacea Loes.
    • Ilex pseudovaccinium Reissek ex Maxim.
    • Ilex ptariana Steyerm.
    • Ilex pustulosa Triana
    • Ilex quercetorum I.M.Johnst.
    • Ilex quitensis (Willd. Ex Schult.) Loes.
    • Ilex retusa Klotzsch
    • Ilex rimbachii Standl.
    • Ilex rotunda Thunb.
    • Ilex rubra S. Watson
    • Ilex rugosa F.Schmidt : It occurs in Japan, on Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.
    • Ilex rugulosa Huber ex Ducke
    • Ilex rupicola Kunth
    • Ilex sapiiformis Reissek
    • Ilex sapotifolia Reissek
    • Ilex savannarum Wurdack
    • Ilex schwackeana Loes.
    • Ilex scopulorum Kunth
    • Ilex scutiiformis Reissek
    • Ilex servinii E. Carranza
    • Ilex sessiliflora Triana & Planch.
    • Ilex sessilifructa Edwin
    • Ilex sideroxyloides (Sw.) Griseb.
    • Ilex sipapoana Edwin
    • Ilex skutchii Edwin ex TRDudley & WJHahn
    • Ilex socorroensis Brandegee
    • Ilex soderstromii Edwin
    • Ilex solida Edwin
    • Ilex spinigera (Loes.) Loes. : It occurs in Iran and Azerbaijan .
    • Ilex spinulosa Cuatrec.
    • Ilex spruceana Reissek
    • Ilex steyermarkii Edwin
    • Ilex subcordata Reissek
    • Ilex suber loes.
    • Ilex subrotundifolia Steyerm.
    • Ilex subtriflora Griseb. ex Loes.
    • Ilex summa Steyerm.
    • Ilex suprema Cuatrec.
    • Ilex tarapotina Loes.
    • Ilex Tateana Steyerm.
    • Ilex taubertiana Loes.
    • Ilex tectonica W.J. Hahn
    • Ilex tepuiana Steyerm. ex Edwin
    • Ilex teratopis Loes.
    • Ilex ternatiflora (C. Wright) RAHoward
    • Ilex Theizans Mart. ex rice sec
    • Ilex thyrsiflora Klotzsch
    • Ilex tiricae Edwin
    • Ilex tolucana Hemsl. : It occurs in Mexico.
    • Ilex tonii Lundell
    • Ilex trachyphylla Loes.
    • Ilex trichoclada Loes.
    • Ilex trichothyrsa Loes.
    • Ilex tristis Standl.
    • Ilex truxillensis Turcz.
    • Ilex uaramae Edwin
    • Ilex Uleana Loes.
    • Ilex umbellata Klotzsch
    • Ilex uniflora Benth.
    • Ilex urbaniana Loes. ex Urb.
    • Ilex vacciniifolia rice sec
    • Ilex valenzuelana Alain : It occurs in Cuba.
    • Ilex valerii Standl. : It occurs in Central America.
    • Ilex velutina Mart. ex Reissek : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex velutinulosa Cuatrec. : It occurs in Colombia.
    • Ilex venezuelensis Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Ilex verticillata (L.) A.Gray : It is found in eastern Canada and the eastern and central United States.
    • Ilex vesparum Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Ilex victorinii Alain : It occurs in Cuba.
    • Ilex villosula Loes. : It occurs in Peru.
    • Ilex virgata Loes. : It occurs in Brazil.
    • Ilex vismiifolia Reissek : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador, the Guyanas and Brazil.
    • Ilex vomitoria Aiton : It occurs in the central and southeastern United States and in southern Mexico and isa neophytein the Bermuda Islands .
    • Ilex vulcanicola Standl. : It occurs in Central America.
    • Ilex weberbaueri Loes. : It occurs in Peru.
    • Ilex weberlingii Loizeau & Spichiger : It occurs in Ecuador.
    • Ilex wurdackiana Steyerm. : It occurs in Venezuela.
    • Ilex yurumanguinis Cuatrec. : It is distributed from Central America via Colombia to Venezuela and Ecuador.
    • Ilex yutajensis Wurdack : It occurs in Venezuela.

Habit and leaves of the cultivar Ilex crenata 'Convexa'

The variegated variety Ilex × altaclerensis 'Golden King'

European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) in the coat of arms of the village of Plan-d'Aups-Sainte-Baume in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

use

Ornamental plant

Some species and varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens. The branches with the red fruits are used as Christmas decorations in Great Britain , France and North America and are also becoming increasingly popular in Central Europe.

From the Japanese holly ( Ilex crenata ) the variety, Convexa 'is also Spoon Ilex called to replace the by the cydalima perspectalis endangered in Europe boxwood used.

There are some cultivated hybrids (selection):

• Large-leaved holly ( Ilex × altaclerensis (Loudon) Dallim. ) = Ilex aquifolium × Ilex perado
• Ilex × aquaprneiia Gable ex Whittem. = Ilex aquifolium × Ilex pernyi
• Ilex × attenuata Ashe = Ilex opaca × Ilex cassine
• Ilex × beanii Rehder = Ilex aquifolium × Ilex dipyrena
• Ilex × koehneana Loes. = Ilex aquifolium × Ilex latifolia
• Ilex x meserveae S.Y.Hu = Ilex aquifolium × Ilex rugosa
• Ilex x wandoensis C.F. Mill. & M.Kim = Ilex cornuta × Ilex integra .

tea

Mate tea is made from the South American mate bush ( Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. ) . The leaves of various other types of Ilex are also used as tea, including Ilex guayusa ( guayusa tea), Ilex kaushue ( kuding tea ) and Ilex vomitoria (yaupon tea), as well as the bitter and nauseating tea made from Ilex glabra . In general, relatively little about the difference in the poison content of various Ilex TYPES known, so it is not clear which species are suitable for the preparation of tea.

Toxicity

For toxicity see main article European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ). For the other species, there is usually no information available (or see the respective species article).

symbolism

The European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) is used in some coats of arms.

On the millefleurs tapestry are The Lady with the Unicorn (French: La Dame à la licorne ), a six-part picture knitting from the end of the 15th century, which is exhibited in the Musée national du Moyen Age in Paris (until 1980 Musée de Cluny) stylized images of a holly, which are inserted here as a symbol of the druids for bravery and as one of the four cardinal virtues according to Plato .

swell

• The Aquifoliaceae family on the AP website . (Sections systematics and description)
• Leslie Watson, 2008: Data sheet for the Western Australian Flora . (Section description)
• 

  The Lady with the Unicorn (La Dame á la licorne) in the Musée national du moyen Âge - the holly is shown in the top right
  Description of the family at DELTA . There with apparently one more genre, but which is a synonym. (Section description)

literature

• Shu-kun Chen, Haiying Ma, Yuxing Feng, Gabrielle Barriera, Pierre-André Loizeau: Aquifoliaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 , p. 359. (Sections Description and Systematics) (efloras.org)
• Philippe Cuénoud, Maria A. del Pero Martinez, Pierre-André Loizeau, Rodolphe Spichiger, Susyn Andrews, Jean-François Manen: Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Genus Ilex L. (Aquifoliaceae). In: Annals of Botany. Volume 85, Issue 1, 2000, pp. 111-122. doi: 10.1006 / anbo.1999.1003 (academia.edu)
• Jean-François Manen, MC Boulter, Y. Naciri-Graven: The complex history of the genus Ilex L. (Aquifoliaceae): evidence from the comparison of plastid and nuclear DNA sequences and from fossil data. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 235, 2002, pp. 79-98. doi: 10.1007 / s00606-002-0225-x
• YH Choi et al .: Classification of Ilex species based on metabolic fingerprinting using nuclear magnetic resonance and multivariate data analysis. In: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Volume 53, 2005, pp. 1237-1245.
• P.-A. Loizeau, G. Barriera, J.-F. Manen, O. Broennimann: Towards an understanding of Ilex L. (Aquifoliaceae) on a World-wide scale . In: Ib Friis, Hendrik Balslev (Ed.): Plant diversity and complexity patterns: local, regional, and global dimensions. Proceedings of an international symposium held at the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in Copenhagen, Denmark, May 25-28, 2003 (=  Biologiske skrifter . Volume 55 ). Reitzel, Copenhagen 2005, ISBN 87-7304-304-4 , pp. 507-517 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
• Alexandra M. Gottlieb, Gustavo C. Giberti, Lidia Poggio: Molecular analyzes of the genus Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) in southern South America, evidence from AFLP and ITS sequence data. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 92, Issue 2, 2005, pp. 352-369. doi: 10.3732 / ajb.92.2.352 JSTOR 4123880
• Jean-François Manen et al .: The history of extant Ilex species (Aquifoliaceae): Evidence of hybridization within a Miocene radiation. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 57, 2010, pp. 961-977.
• Xin Yao, Yun-Hong Tan, Ying-Ying Liu, Yu Song, Jun-Bo Yang, Richard T. Corlett: Chloroplast genome structure in Ilex (Aquifoliaceae). In: Scientific Reports. Volume 6, 2016, Article 28559. (nature.com)

Individual evidence

1. ^ Karl Ernst Georges : Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary . 8th, improved and increased edition. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1918 ( zeno.org [accessed February 4, 2019]). , Karl Ernst Georges: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary . 8th, improved and increased edition. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1918 ( zeno.org [accessed February 4, 2019]).
2. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary . 8th, improved and increased edition. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1918 ( zeno.org [accessed February 4, 2019]).
3. ↑ Wolfgang Schiedermair: The "Meelbyrn, Paliurus" in Adam Lonitzer's "Kreuterbuch" (1679). For knowledge of X Sorbopyrus auricularis (Kroop.) Schneid. - Rose hip pear. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2016, pp. 87–96, here: p. 89.
4. ^ ^{A b c} Xin Yao, Yun-Hong Tan, Ying-Ying Liu, Yu Song, Jun-Bo Yang, Richard T. Corlett: Chloroplast genome structure in Ilex (Aquifoliaceae). In: Scientific Reports. Volume 6, 2016, Article 28559. (nature.com)
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih} Shu-kun, Haiying Ma , Yuxing Feng, Gabrielle Barriera, Pierre-André Loizeau: Aquifoliaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 , p. 359. (efloras.org)
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} The family at DELTA . There with apparently one more genre, but which is a synonym.
7. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: Comprehensive Latin-German concise dictionary . 8th, improved and increased edition. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1918 ( zeno.org [accessed February 4, 2019]).
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac} Ilex in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
9. ↑ Aquifoliaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed March 27, 2014.
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} species list at Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal .
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Walter Erhardt, Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great zander. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2: Types and Varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
12. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac} Ilex in the Red List of Endangered Species of the IUCN 2018. Accessed on 2019-08-24.
13. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr} Vascular Plants of the Americas : Aquifoliaceae at Tropicos.org. In: 83 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
14. ↑ ^{a b} Aquifoliaceae at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
15. ↑ Book replacement. In: My beautiful country . January / February 2012, p. 38.
16. ^ Carlos Franklin (Director): The Lady with the Unicorn (14th episode). In: A hundred masterpieces of painting and their secrets. arte - tv, accessed on December 13, 2019 . 

Web links

Commons : Holly ( Ilex )  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

• Aquifoliaceae at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Aquifoliaceae at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Panama (WFO) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Aquifoliaceae at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Aquifoliaceae at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Aquifoliaceae at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Entries about Aquifoliaceae in Plants For A Future
• Datasheet from Electronic Flora of South Australia .
• Data sheet at Flora of Australia .
• Profile of the family from the Tübingen Botanical Garden. But there one to three genera.
• Extensive collection of Ilex varieties with description and pictures.

This article is about a health issue. It is not used for self-diagnosis and does not replace a diagnosis by a doctor. Please note the information on health issues !

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