Frenchization
Frenchisation or Frenchisation ( French Francisation ) describes the process in which the French language and, depending on the context, also the French culture as the dominant lingua franca and mother tongue or culture prevail. This process may be desired, for example by the governments of the former French colonies in Africa, or enforced or not desired, for example in the minority regions of France, such as Brittany , Corsica , Alsace , Lorraine , the Basque Country , Flanders or all of Occitania .
Frenchization of France
Under the Capetians , Paris and the Ile-de-France gradually emerged as the political center of France, as a result of which the local regiolect , French , matured into a standard language . Due to the increasingly centralized politics, the other dialects were strongly pushed back in the following centuries. After William the Conqueror ascended the English throne in 1066, Norman French became the language of the English nobility for two centuries . During this time, the English language was heavily influenced by French, but French also by Norman , as evidenced by words such as crevette, quai and the cardinal points sud, nord , etc.
With the Albigensian Crusades in the 13th century, France expanded its territory to the south ( Corsica followed later ), and the culture and language of the victorious north were imposed on the south. The Occitan was initially expelled from the official, during the 19th and 20th century also from the private use of language; a similar development happened to Low German (with High German) in northern Germany. As a result, the importance of the Langues d'oc (see above) and Franco-Provençal , which were previously prestigious cultural and literary languages , waned .
On August 15, 1539, Francis I , the second French king of the Renaissance era , issued the Edict of Villers-Cotterêts , with which French replaced Latin as the language of the office. Since then, French has been the official language in France.
Frenchization of the world
The number of Francophones has increased above average since the 1980s.
| year | Francophone |
|---|---|
| 1985 | 106,000,000 |
| 1997 | 173,200,000 |
| 2005 | 200,000,000 |
| 2010 | 220,000,000 |
| 2014 | 274,000,000 |
| 2030 forecast | 715,000,000 |
| 2060 forecast | 1,222,000,000 |
It is predicted that the number of Francophones in Africa will increase by 400 million between 2025 and 2050.
The Francophone population is expected to grow 2.66 times faster than the world population by 2060, making it the fastest growing language in the world.
According to the OIF , the figure of 220 million only includes literate people. A large part of the population of Francophone African countries is not taken into account, as there are many people there who understand and speak French but cannot read it. The French Council for Economic, Social and Environmental Affairs estimates that if the number of French-speaking people is illiterate, the number of French-speaking people was already 500 million in 2000.
In 2014, a study by the renowned Natixis Bank showed that French would become the world's most widely spoken language by 2050. Critics of the study believe that French coexists alongside local languages in many countries and that such studies would therefore come to greatly exaggerated figures, since they assume that French will replace local languages as a result of increased urbanization.
Europe
Belgium
The Francization of Brussels ( Dutch Verfransing van Brussel , French Francisation de Bruxelles ) denotes the in Brussels carried out conversion of an originally almost purely Dutch-speaking in a bilingual or even multilingual city with dominant French lingua franca . Although originally mainly Brabantian dialects were spoken in Brussels , the linguistic situation has changed drastically over the past two centuries. One of the most important reasons for the rise of French was - besides immigration from France and Wallonia - the language assimilation of the Flemish population. In Belgian society at the time, Dutch was considered socially inferior and still had a weak position as a competing standard language, which was reinforced by the attraction of French as a world language .
| year | Dutch | French | other |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1846 | 60.6% | 38.6% | 0.8% |
| 1910 | 49.1% | 49.3% | 1.6% |
| 1920 | 39.2% | 60.5% | 0.3% |
| 1930 | 34.7% | 64.7% | 0.6% |
| 1947 | 25.5% | 74.2% | 0.3% |
Africa
Individual evidence
- ↑ For the infiltration of the French language into English see z. B. Hans-Dieter Gelfert: English with aha. Beck, 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-57148-0 (and other editions from other publishers).
- ↑ Anja Detant: Kunnen taalvrijheid en officiële tweetaligheid been forgiven? De toepassing van de taalwetgeving in het Brussels Hoofdstedelijke Gewest en de 19 gemeenten [411–438] . In: Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut . De Boeck & Larcier, Brussels 1999, ISBN 2-8044-0525-7 , pp. 817 (Dutch).
- ↑ Rudi Janssens: Taalgebruik in Brussel en de plaats van het Nederlands - Enkele recente bevindingen. (PDF) In: Brussels Studies, n ° 13. January 7, 2008; archived from the original on February 27, 2008 ; Retrieved January 16, 2009 (Dutch).
- ↑ Sera de Vriendt: A propos du sens de l'expression ‹parler bruxellois› . In: Els Witte, Ann Mares (Ed.): 19 keer Brussel; Brusselse Thema's (7) . VUBPress (Vrije Universiteit Brussel), 2001, ISBN 90-5487-292-6 , p. 43 (French, briobrussel.be [PDF; 2.0 MB ; accessed on January 26, 2009]).
- ↑ Claude Javeau: Le cadre socio-politique de l'usage des langues dans la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale [275-281] . In: Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut . De Boeck & Larcier, Brussels 1999, ISBN 2-8044-0525-7 , pp. 817 (French).
- ^ Daniel Droixhe: Le français en Wallonie et à Bruxelles aux 17ième et 18ième siècle. Université Libre de Bruxelles, April 13, 2002, archived from the original on December 6, 2008 ; Retrieved April 2, 2008 (French).
- ^ Johannes Kramer: Bilingualism in the Benelux countries . Buske Verlag, 1984, ISBN 3-87118-597-3 ( limited preview in Google book search [accessed March 4, 2009]).
- ^ Daniël Buyle: Brussels: a Flemish city becomes cosmopolitan. Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie, accessed July 9, 2009 .
- ^ Nico Wouters: Groot-Brussel tijdens WOII (1940-1944) [57-81] . In: Les dix-neuf communes bruxelloises et le modèle bruxellois . De Boeck & Larcier, Brussels, Gent 2003, ISBN 2-8044-1216-4 , pp. 754 (Dutch).
- ↑ Eliane Gubin: La situation des langues à Bruxelles au 19ième siècle à la lumière d'un examen critique des statistiques. (PDF; 10.2 MB) In: Taal en Sociale Integratie, I. Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1978, pp. 33–80 , accessed on January 16, 2009 (French).
- ^ G. Geerts: Nederlands in België, Het Nederlands bedreigd en overlevend . In: MC van den Toorn, W. Pijnenburg, JA van Leuvensteijn and JM van der Horst (eds.): Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse taal . Amsterdam University Press (University of Amsterdam), 1997, ISBN 90-5356-234-6 (Dutch, dbnl.org [accessed January 15, 2009]).