Frenchization of Brussels
|
The Francization of Brussels ( Dutch Verfransing van Brussel , French Francisation de Bruxelles ) denotes the in Brussels carried out conversion of an originally almost purely Dutch-speaking in a bilingual or even multilingual city with dominant French lingua franca . Although primarily Brabant dialects were originally spoken in Brussels , the linguistic situation has changed dramatically over the past two centuries. One of the most important reasons for the rise of French was - besides immigration from France and Wallonia - the language assimilation of the Flemish population. In Belgian society at the time, Dutch was considered socially inferior and had a weak position compared to the world language French, which was also the language of the bourgeois elite.
The language shift began gradually in the 18th century and accelerated during the expansion of the city after the Belgian Revolution of 1830. The real transition to French began in the second half of the 19th century: from 1880 onwards there was a development towards partial bilingualism to Disadvantage of the Dutch monolingualism. Dutch has not been passed on to future generations, which has increased the percentage of exclusively French speakers since 1910.
Since the 1960s, as a result of the definition of the language border and the economic development of Flanders, Frenchization has come to an end, at least on paper. During the second half of the 20th century many immigrants as well as many employees of international organizations (e.g. the European Union and NATO ) and companies came to Brussels, who in most cases preferred French as the lingua franca, to the detriment of Dutch. At the same time, as a result of urbanization, more and more Dutch-speaking municipalities on the outskirts of Brussels became predominantly French-speaking. In Flanders, one speaks in this context of the “Brussels oil stain” (Brusselse olievlek) , which, along with the political future of Brussels, is one of the main causes of tension between the north and south of the country.
See also
literature
- Johannes Kramer: Bilingualism in the Benelux countries. With 11 cards. H. Buske Verlag, Hamburg 1984, ISBN 3-87118-597-3 .
Web links
- Brio Publicaties: Het statuut van Brussel, economie brussel, demografie brussel briobrussel.be (table of contents)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Anja Detant: Kunnen taalvrijheid en officiële tweetaligheid been forgiven? The toepassing van de taalwetgeving in het Brussels Hoofdstedelijke Gewest en de 19 gemeenten . In: Els Witte, André Alen, Hugues Dumont, Rusen Ergec (eds.): Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut . De Boeck & Larcier, Brussels 1999, ISBN 2-8044-0525-7 , pp. 411-438 (Dutch).
- ↑ Rudi Janssens: Taalgebruik in Brussel en de plaats van het Nederlands - Enkele recente bevindingen (PDF) In: Brussels Studies, n ° 13 . January 7, 2008. Archived from the original on February 27, 2008. Retrieved January 2009.
- ↑ Sera de Vriendt, Els Witte, Ann Mares (red.): A propos du sens de l'expression ‹parler bruxellois› ( French , PDF; 2.0 MB) In: 19 keer Brussel; Brusselse Thema's (7) . VUBPress (Vrije Universiteit Brussel). 2001. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
- ↑ Claude Javeau: Le cadre socio-politique de l'usage des langues dans la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale . In: Els Witte, André Alen, Hugues Dumont, Rusen Ergec (eds.): Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut . De Boeck & Larcier, Brussels 1999, ISBN 2-8044-0525-7 , pp. 275-281 (French).
- ^ Daniel Droixhe: Le français en Wallonie et à Bruxelles aux 17ième et 18ième siècle ( French ) Université Libre de Bruxelles. April 13, 2002. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved on April 2, 2008.
- ↑ Johannes Kramer: Bilingualism in the Benelux countries . H. Buske Verlag, Hamburg 1984, ISBN 3-87118-597-3 .
- ^ A b Daniël Buyle: Brussels: a Flemish city becomes cosmopolitan. . Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
- ^ Nico Wouters: Groot-Brussel tijdens WOII (1940-1944) . In: Els Witte, André Alen, Hugues Dumont (eds.): De Brusselse negentien gemeenten en het Brussels model = Les dix-neuf communes bruxelloises et le modèle bruxellois . De Boeck & Larcier, Brussel 2003, ISBN 2-8044-1216-4 , pp. 57-81 (Dutch).
- ↑ a b Eliane Gubin: La situation des langues à Bruxelles au 19ième siècle à la lumière d'un examen critique of statistiques ( French , PDF, 10.2 MB): Taal en Sociale Integratie, I . Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). Pp. 33-80. 1978. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
- ^ G. Geerts, MC van den Toorn, W. Pijnenburg, JA van Leuvensteijn and JM van der Horst: Nederlands in België, Het Nederlands bedreigd en overlevend ( Dutch ) In: Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse taal . Amsterdam University Press (University of Amsterdam). 1997. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
- ^ Johanne Poirier: Choix, statut et mission d'une capitale fédérale: Bruxelles au regard du droit comparé . In: Els Witte, André Alen, Hugues Dumont, Rusen Ergec (eds.): Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut . De Boeck & Larcier, Brussels 1999, ISBN 2-8044-0525-7 , pp. 61-97 (French).
- ^ Wallonie - Bruxelles ( French ) Service de la langue française. May 19, 2007. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
- ^ Paul Tourret: Villes, identités et médias francophones: regards croisés Belgique, Suisse, Canada ( French ) Université Laval. 2001. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
- ^ Els Witte: Analyze du statut de Bruxelles (1989-1999) . In: Els Witte, André Alen, Hugues Dumont, Rusen Ergec (eds.): Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut . De Boeck & Larcier, Brussels 1999, ISBN 2-8044-0525-7 , pp. 19-33 (French).
- ↑ Harry van Velthoven: Taal - en onderwijspolitiek te Brussel (1878–1914) ( Dutch , PDF; 17.4 MB) In: Taal en Sociale Integratie, IV . Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). Pp. 261-387. 1981. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
- ↑ Harry van Velthoven: The Flemish city of Brussels is Frenchized and then bilingual and multicultural. . Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
- ↑ a b c Catherine Capron, Marc Debuisson, Thierry Eggerickx, Michel Poulin: La dualité démographique de la Belgique: mythe ou réalité? In: Jacques Véron (ed.): Régimes demographiques et territoires les frontières en question: colloque international de La Rochelle (September 22-26, 1998) . INED, Paris 2000, ISBN 2-9509356-8-0 , pp. 255-278 (French, books.google.fr ).
- ↑ a b Jeanine Treffers-Daller: Mixing Two Languages: French-Dutch Contact in a Comparative Perspective ( English ). Walter de Gruyter, 1994, ISBN 3-11-013837-9 , p. 300 (accessed January 17, 2009).
- ↑ Machteld de Metsenaere: Thuis in gescheiden werelden - De migratoire en sociale aspecten van verfransing te Brussel in het midden van de 19e eeuw ( Dutch , PDF; 1.5 MB) In: BTNG-RBHC, XXI, 1990, n ° 3– 4 [383-412] . Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). 1990. Archived from the original on October 15, 2018. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
- ^ Ann Mares, Els Witte (ed.): Begin van het einde van de nationale partijen. Onderzoek naar de Vlaamse Bewegungsing (en) en de Vlaamse politieke partijen in Brussel: de Rode Leeuwen ( Dutch , PDF; 2.0 MB) In: 19 keer Brussel; Brusselse Thema's (7) [157-185] . VUBPress (Vrije Universiteit Brussel). 2001. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
- ↑ a b Leen Depré, Els Witte, Ann Mares ( ed .): Tien jaar persberichtgeving over de faciliteitenproblematiek in de Brusselse Rand. Een inhoudsanalystisch onderzoek ( Dutch , PDF; 2.0 MB) VUBPress (Vrije Universiteit Brussel). 2001. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
- ↑ J. Fleerackers, Head of Cabinet van de Belgian Minister van Nederlandse Cultuur en Vlaamse Aangelegenheden: The historical kracht van de Vlaamse moving in Belgium: de doelstellingen van gister, de verwezenlijkingen vandaag en de culturele aspiraties voor tomorrow ( Dutch ) In: Colloquium Neerland 5 . Digital library voor de Nederlandse Letteren. August 28, 1973. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ↑ Daniel Blampain: Le français en Belgique. Une langue, une communauté . Duculot, Louvain-la-Neuve 1997, ISBN 2-8011-1126-0 (French).
- ↑ Rudi Janssens, Els Witte, Ann Mares (ed.): Over Brusselse Vlamingen en het Nederlands in Brussel ( Dutch , PDF; 2.0 MB) In: 19 keer Brussel; Brusselse Thema's (7) [41-84] . VUBPress (Vrije Universiteit Brussel). 2001. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
- ^ Els Witte, Alain Meynen, Jaak Billiet: De geschiedenis van België na 1945 . Standaard Uitgeverij, Antwerp 2006, ISBN 90-02-21963-6 , pp. 576 (Els Witte: Professor of History and former Rector of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel.).
- ↑ Eric Ponette: Kort historical overzicht van het OVV ( Dutch ) Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen. March 2, 2002. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ Jean-Pierre Stroobants: Bisbilles dans le Grand Bruxelles (French) , Le Monde. October 21, 2007.
- ↑ Johan Slembrouck: Sint-Stevens-Woluwe: een unicum in de geschiedenis Belgian ( Dutch ) Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen. August 2, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ André-Paul Frognier: Les interactions stratégiques dans laproblemématique communautaire et la question bruxelloise . In: Els Witte, André Alen, Hugues Dumont, Rusen Ergec (eds.): Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut . De Boeck & Larcier, Brussels 1999, ISBN 2-8044-0525-7 , pp. 705-720 (French).
- ↑ Louis Verniers, Theo Jozef Hermans: Brussels ( English ) Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
- ^ Bruxelles dans l'œil du cyclone (French) , France November 2, 14, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2009.