Ilex vomitoria
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Ilex vomitoria is a species of holly ( Ilex ) within the holly family(Aquifoliaceae). It is common in North America . The IUCN classifies Ilex vomitoria as “least concern” = “not at risk”.
description
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Vegetative characteristics
Ilex vomitoria is an evergreen shrub or small tree that reaches heights of 5 to 9 meters. The bark of the branches is smooth and light gray.
The leaves are arranged alternately. The leaf blade is egg-shaped to elliptical with a length of 1 to 4.5 centimeters and a width of 1 to 2 centimeters with a rounded upper end and a notched to roughly serrated edge. The upper side of the leaf is glossy dark green and the underside a bit lighter.
Generative characteristics
The flowers measure 5 to 5.5 millimeters in diameter. The corolla is white and four-lobed. The fruits are small, round, shiny red (sometimes yellow) drupes with a diameter of 4 to 6 millimeters and four pips.
ecology
The stone fruits are eaten by birds and this is how they spread.
The fruits are an important food source for some bird species including Mottled Duck , American Black Duck , mourning dove , ruffed grouse , Bobwhite , turkey , Flicker , Saftlecker , Cedar Waxwing , Eastern Bluebird , American Robin , gray catbird , mockingbird and White-throated Sparrow . The mammals that eat the fruit include the nine-banded armadillo , American black bear , gray fox , raccoon, and skunks . Foliage and twigs are eaten by white-tailed deer .
Similar species
Ilex vomitoria can be distinguished from the similar Ilex cassine by the smaller leaves and the rounded, not tapering leaf tip.
ingredients
It is the only known species of plant native to North America that contains caffeine .
Common names and etymology
Trivial names are: English yaupon [ ˈjɔːpɒn ], yaupon holly, cassena, cassina, cassine, cassio-berry bush, evergreen cassena, evergreen holly, Indian black drink, Christmas berry . The English common name yaupon was derived from the name of the Catawba and Waccamaw Sioux yopún , the diminutive of the word yop ("tree"). Another common name, cassina , is a loan word from the Timucua language (although it commonly refers to Ilex cassine ). The scientific species name Ilex vomitoria comes from the erroneous belief of the Europeans that the parts of the plant cause vomiting during various ceremonies of the indigenous people.
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Occurrence
Ilex vomitoria is widespread on the North American mainland from the north-central to the south-central to the southeastern USA and occurs in a few smaller areas in Mexico ( disjoint populations ). There are localities for the US states of Oklahoma , Texas , southeastern Alabama , southwestern Arkansas , Georgia , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , southeastern Virginia , Louisiana, and Florida and the Mexican states of Chiapas and Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave .
Ilex vomitoria occurs as a neophyte in the Bahamas.
Ilex vomitoria thrives mainly in coastal areas with well-aerated sandy soils and can be found on the upper edges of brackish and salty swamps , sandy tree-lined hills, coastal sand dunes , depressions located within the dune, sand hills, forests near the sea, afforested wetlands, heavily drained forests and so-called Pine flatwoods occur.
Cultivation and Use
Human consumption
The Native Americans used leaves and stems to make an infusion (commonly called asi or black drink ) that was reserved for men and was used for ritual cleansing and harmony. The rite also included vomiting , which Europeans wrongly interpreted to mean that Ilex vomitoria caused this. The active ingredients of the infusion are - as with the related Ilex paraguariensis ( mate bush ) and Ilex guayusa - caffeine and theobromine , and the vomiting was either trained or resulted from the large amounts of the drinks consumed and the fasting associated with it. Others believe that the Europeans mistakenly assumed that the black drink was the tea made from Ilex vomitoria , whereas it was a completely different drink made from various roots and herbs and had nausea-inducing properties.
The process of drying leaves for consumption has been "rediscovered" by some contemporary Americans; “Yaupon tea” is sold commercially.
Ornamental shapes
Ilex vomitoria varieties are widely used in landscaping in the southeastern United States . Most often Auslese forms are used as evergreen ornamental shrubs that grow slowly and densely and are suitable for cut hedges. A selection of varieties are:
- 'Folsom Weeping' - hanging form
- 'Grey's Littleleaf' = 'Grey's Weeping' - hanging form
- 'Nana' = 'Compacta' - female dwarf form that does not grow taller than 1 meter
- 'Pride of Houston' - female form, similar to the type , but with changes in shape, fruit set and foliage
- 'Schilling's Dwarf' = 'Stokes Dwarf' - male dwarf form that is no taller than 0.6 meters and no wider than 1.2 meters
- 'Will Fleming' - male form with a columnar growth habit
See also
- Kuding tea - a Chinese tea made from Ilex kaushue (Syn .: Ilex kudingcha ) and Ligustrum robustum
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Ilex vomitoria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
- ^ Ilex vomitoria in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Listed by: L. Stritch, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
- ↑ a b c d e Yaupon - Ilex vomitoria Aiton (PDF) In: USDA Plant Guide - Natural Resources Conservation Service .
- ↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Florida's Hollies from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection )
- ^ CO Martin, SP Mott: Section 7.5.10 Yaupon ( Ilex vomitoria ) . In: US Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife Resources Management Manual (PDF) (= Technical Report), Volume EL-97-16, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS 1997. Archived from the original on June 11, 2007.
- ↑ a b Ilex vomitoria . Oklahoma Biological Survey. Archived from the original on October 16, 2008. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
- ↑ Ilex vomitoria . In: Bioimages . Vanderbilt University. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
- ^ Charles L. Cutler: O Brave New Words !: Native American Loanwords in Current English . University of Oklahoma Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8061-3246-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
- ↑ JN Wilford: Ancient Energy Boost, Brewed From Toasted Leaves and Bark . In: New York Times , August 8, 2012.
- ^ PL Crown, TE Emerson, J. Gu, WJ Hurst, TR Pauketat, T. Ward: Ritual Black Drink Consumption at Cahokia . In: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 109, No. 35, August 2012, pp. 13944-9. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1208404109 .
- ^ CM Hudson: The Southeastern Indians . University of Tennessee Press, 1976, ISBN 0-87049-248-9 .
- ^ E. Gibbons: Stalking the Blue-eyed Scallop . David McKay, 1964, ISBN 0-911469-05-2 .
- ↑ Like Yerba Maté? Try Yaupon ( en ) Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- ↑ Texas Highways: Texas' Only Caffeinated Plant Makes a Buzzworthy Tea - Texas Highways (en-gb) . Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- ^ Murray Carpenter: Here's The Buzz On America's Forgotten Native 'Tea' Plant . Retrieved July 23, 2017.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Harrison Leigh Flint: Landscape Plants for Eastern North America . 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, 1997, ISBN 978-0-471-59919-7 , pp. 282–283 ( Ilex vomitoria on pp. 282–283 in the Google book search).
