Bulbous buttercup
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Bulbous buttercup ( Ranunculus bulbosus ) |
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The bulbous buttercup ( Ranunculus bulbosus ) is a species of the genus buttercup ( Ranunculus ) within the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae).
Description and ecology
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The bulbous buttercup is a perennial , herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 15 to 45 centimeters. The upright stems are bulbously thickened at their base, i.e. in the ground, which is where the common name bulbous buttercup comes from. The stems are protruding at the base, hairy further above. The leaves are deeply three to five columns or lobed. The basal leaves are threefold and have a stalked terminal leaflet.
The flower stalks are clearly furrowed or angular. The flowers are 2 to 3 centimeters in diameter. The five sepals are turned back (in contrast to the sharp buttercup ) and are hairy on the outside. The five yellow petals are nectar leaves. The flowers are proterandric , flowering time is from May to August. The pollination is effected by insects ( bees , Diptera ).
The nuts are 2 to 4 millimeters long, keeled on the edge and have a short, slightly curved beak .
There is diploidy with a chromosome number of 2n = 16.
ecology
The sprout, like the more or less fleshy roots, stores nutrients and serves as a survival organ. With the death of above-ground parts in July, the bulbous buttercup can avoid dry summer and autumn months.
Occurrence and endangerment
The bulbous buttercup occurs in large parts of Europe. In the north the distribution extends to southern Scandinavia , in the east to the Ukraine , but also to the Middle East . In the south, the tuberous buttercup is also found in the North African Mediterranean region. In North America it is a neophyte .
The bulbous buttercup is widespread in Central Europe , but rarely found in the north. In Austria it is endangered regionally in the area of the Bohemian Massif and in the northern Alpine foothills. It is not endangered in Switzerland or Germany.
The tuberous buttercup grows on lime grass as well as on poor meadows and pastures . It prefers moderately dry to moderately fresh, nutrient-rich clay soils and is a distinct clay pointer . He climbs up to the montane height level .
In Phytosociological system of Knollige crowfoot association is a characteristic species of Mesobromion (brome semi-dry grass). It also occurs in fat meadows (Arrhenatherion), continental semi-arid grasslands (Cirsio-Brachypodion) and in wet meadows (Molinietalia).
Systematics
The first publication of Ranunculus bulbosus was by Carl von Linné .
There are four subspecies of Ranunculus bulbosus in Europe :
- Ranunculus bulbosus subsp. aleae (Will.) Rouy & Fouc. , occurs in southern Europe (north to Hungary), in the Middle East and in North Africa
- Ranunculus bulbosus subsp. bulbosus
- Ranunculus bulbosus subsp. castellanus (Freyn) PWBall & Heywood , occurs only in Spain
- Ranunculus bulbosus subsp. neapolitanus (Ten.) H. Lindbg. , occurs in the eastern Mediterranean region, in Italy and on the Balkan Peninsula
toxicology
All parts of the plant are poisonous.
In the fresh plants, when injured, glycosidic precursors (ranunculin) produce protoanemonin , which is highly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes and which is converted into the ineffective dimeric anemonin .
External contact with the juice of the fresh plants leads to redness and itching and blisters. Internal use leads to burning in the mouth, vomiting, colicky abdominal pain, gastrointestinal and kidney irritation. The dried plant, on the other hand, has no effect.
use
The tuberous buttercup is rarely used as an ornamental plant for perennial beds and lawns. There are some varieties, for example 'Pleniflorus' ('Flore Pleno') whose flowers are semi-double and have a green center.
In the past the tuberous buttercup was used as a folk medicinal plant.
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literature
- Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
- Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : The new manual of medicinal plants. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-440-09387-5 .
- Margot Spohn, Marianne Golte-Bechtle: What is blooming there? The encyclopedia: over 1000 flowering plants from Central Europe. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10326-9 .
Web links
- Bulbous buttercup . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Ranunculus bulbosus L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved October 19, 2015.
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere according to: Eric Hultén , Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
Individual evidence
- ^ S. Coles: Ranunculus bulbosus L in Europe. In: Watsonia , Volume 9, 1973, pp. 207-228
- ↑ on J Sarukhan (1974) Studies plans demography: Ranunculus repens L., R. Bulbosus L. and R. acris . L .: II Reproductive strategies and seed population dynamics. The Journal of Ecology: 151-177
- ↑ Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swedish).
- ^ A b c Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
- ^ Distribution map and entry in the red list of Ranunculus bulbosus. In: Info Flora (the national data and information center for Swiss flora).
- ↑ Bulbous buttercup. In: FloraWeb.de.
- ↑ Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas florae europaeae. Volume 8 (Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae). Pp . 139-141, Helsinki 1989. ISBN 951-9108-07-6 .
- ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pp. 147 .