Squirrel
| Squirrel | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red hare ( Polyporus umbellatus ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Polyporus umbellatus | ||||||||||||
| ( Pers .: Fr. ) Fr. |
The squirrel or branchy tufted porling ( Polyporus umbellatus , syn .: Cladomeris umbellata , Dendropolyporus umbellatus, Polypilus umbellatus ) is a species of fungus from the family of stem porling relatives .
features
The squirrel forms tufted fruiting bodies consisting of numerous round single hats. These can reach a diameter of 20 to 40, sometimes even 50 centimeters and weigh several kilograms. The individual stalks come together in a common stalk. This arises from a black-brown sclerotium that is located just below the surface of the earth.
The individual hats are pale yellow to gray-brown in color and are between one and four centimeters wide. They have a fibrous surface and are usually deepened in the middle. The edge is wavy and bent and relatively thin. On the underside of the hats there is a whitish layer of pores ( hymenophore ) that can run down the stem. The pores are rounded and the tubes one to two centimeters long.
The pulp is also whitish, fibrous and brittle. It smells pleasantly flour-like when young, but has an unpleasant odor when it is old. The sclerotium is irregularly tuberous and has a wrinkled surface. It consists of a thin brown-black bark and a tough, corky interior. The sclerotium usually grows around thin, still living tree roots.
The fruit bodies are soft and not long-lived, especially in rainy weather they spoil quickly and break down; the sclerotium remains, however. The spore powder is whitish in color.
Species delimitation
The squirrel has a resemblance to the rattle sponge . However, he always has hats with a sideways stalk.
ecology
The squirrel is a heat-loving fungus that prefers calcium-rich soils. It can be found in beech and in mixed deciduous and mixed forests with beech and oak on alkaline and calcareous subsoil. The soils can consist of shell limestone, Malm limestone, moraine limestone, lime sand or limestone marl; It can also occur on base-containing silicate, such as feldspar . Low-base, lean sandy and loamy soils are avoided.
The fruiting bodies appear between July and September, but can appear as early as late May after heavy rainfall in warm weather. Individual specimens can survive into November.
The red hare lives as a parasite or saprobiont on the bottom of living or dead trees or stumps or near them. The fruiting bodies occur singly or gregariously with up to six specimens. Even after the host trees have been cut down, the fungus should be able to survive on the remaining stumps (for example in the subsequent spruce stand) for up to 30 years. It is also possible to change the host to spruce, which is sometimes specified as a substrate for North America and Europe.
It is reported of a symbiosis between the squirrel and the honey fungus ( Armillaria mellea s. L.). Apparently the squirrel cannot develop sclerotia in nature without the mycelium of the honey fungus. Armillaria gallica and Armillaria cepistipes , among others, have been genetically confirmed to be associated with the squirrel . In order to achieve sclerotium formation in culture, the squirrel is either grown together with mycelium of the honey fungus or at least honey extracts are added to the nutrient medium.
distribution
The calibration hare found in the Holarctic a temperate distribution, where he worked in the oak and beech stands deciduous hardwood forests can be found. The fungus is found in North America and Asia in the Caucasus , western and eastern Siberia and Pakistan. In Europe it is especially widespread in the central and partly in the eastern part of the continent; to the north the area extends to southern Fennoscandinavia . In Germany the fungus occurs scattered from the coast to the Alpine foothills.
Use in medicine
Squirrel sclerotia have been used as a diuretic in China for over 2000 years . The fruit bodies also contain polysaccharides , which have anti-tumor effects and reduce the reproduction rate of the hepatitis B virus in humans.
swell
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.): The large mushrooms of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 1: General Part. Stand mushrooms: jelly, bark, prick and pore mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3528-0 .
Web links
- Red list of endangered large mushrooms (macromyzetes) in North Rhine-Westphalia. State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North Rhine-Westphalia (LANUV), accessed on August 10, 2012 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Polyporus umbellatus. In: MycoBank. Retrieved April 26, 2020 (English).
- ↑ a b c d e f Yong-Mei Xing, Li-Chun Zhang, Han-Qiao Liang, Jing Lv, Chao Song: Sclerotial Formation of Polyporus umbellatus by Low Temperature Treatment under Artificial Conditions . In: PLoS ONE . tape 8 , no. 2 , February 20, 2013, ISSN 1932-6203 , p. 1-14 , doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0056190 .
- ↑ SX Guo, JT Xu: Nutrient source of sclerotia of Grifola umbellata and its relationship to Armillaria mellea . In: Acta Bot. Sin. tape 34 , 1991, pp. 576-580 .
- ↑ a b Gen Kikuchi, Hiroki Yamaji: Identification of Armillaria species associated with Polyporus umbellatus using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA . In: Mycoscience . tape 51 , no. 5 , September 2010, p. 366-372 , doi : 10.1007 / S10267-010-0053-8 .
- ↑ Xian-Hao Cheng, Shun-Xing Guo, Chun-Lan Wang: Factors Influencing Formation of Sclerotia in Grifola umbellate (pers.) Pilát Under Artificial Conditions . In: Journal of Integrative Plant Biology . tape 48 , no. 11 , November 2006, p. 1312-1317 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1744-7909.2006.00349.x .
