Real galangal

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Real galangal
Real galangal or galangal root (Alpinia officinarum), illustration from Koehler 1887

Real galangal or galangal root ( Alpinia officinarum ),
illustration from Koehler 1887

Systematics
Commelinids
Order : Gingery (Zingiberales)
Family : Ginger family (Zingiberaceae)
Subfamily : Alpinioideae
Genre : Alpinia
Type : Real galangal
Scientific name
Alpinia officinarum
Hance

The real galangal ( Alpinia officinarum ), also known as galangal root , small galangal , galangal or Siam galangal , is a species of plant that belongs to the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). It is used as a spice and medicinal plant and is one of four ginger-like plants known as galangal.

distribution

It is native to the island of Hainan and is grown there as well as in Thailand and all of Southeast Asia.

description

The real galangal is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 1.50 meters. Slender-cylindrical, horizontally growing rhizomes are formed as persistence organs. The entire leaves are sessile; they are 20 to 30 cm long and 1 to 2.5 cm wide.

It forms racemose inflorescences with small bracts . The hermaphrodite flowers are white with reddish lines. The fused sepals are about 1.5 cm long. The petals that have grown together to form a tube are 8 to 10 cm long. The ovary is hairy. A round, red capsule fruit is formed with a diameter of about 1 cm. It blooms from April to September and fruit from May to November.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 48.

use

Rhizome of Alpinia officinarum

Culinary use

The up to one meter long rhizome is used as a food spice. It smells spicy and tastes bitterly aromatic and slightly burning, reminiscent of ginger. Galangal is a component of spice mixtures ( e.g. curry or liver sausage spice ) and is also valued in the manufacture of herbal liqueurs and lemonades (e.g. cola ). The ground rhizome used as a spice is also known as lao powder .

Medical use

The herbal medicine uses the existing in the rhizome essential oil with gingerols , galangol , flavonoids and tannins . In addition to the stimulation of the digestion, the ingredients work carminative (antispasmodic) and bacterial and anti-inflammatory ( anti-inflammatory ). This means it can be used for anorexia (loss of appetite), digestive problems such as flatulence (wind), functional dyspepsia (upset stomach), nausea and a feeling of fullness and for mild cramp-like complaints in the gastrointestinal area. Real galangal is said to help against seasickness .

In addition to fungicidal effects, galangal has been shown to have anti-tumor effects and, in conjunction with cytostatic agents, it is able to suppress the cytotoxic properties of chemotherapy .

The real galangal is rarely used as a medicinal plant these days. In the Middle Ages it was considered to be a medicinal product interchangeable with the flower buds and leaves of the clove tree . In addition to the real galangal, the Chinese species Alpinia chinensis was also used as "galangal" .

history

Galenga ( Alpinia officinarum ). In: Abdul ibn Butlan . Tacuinum sanitatis in medicina. 13th century, Codex Vindobonensis Series Nova 2644, sheet 32v

China

In the Chinese pharmacopoeia "Collection of recipes by famous doctors" (Míngyī biélù) of the Taoist , mathematician, alchemist and doctor Táo hóng jĭng (452-536) the medicinal effect of the root of the real galangal (Gāo liáng jiāng) was described for the first time. Because of its pungent taste and because of its strong warming effect, it was used to treat “cool” gastrointestinal diseases. The currently valid Chinese pharmacopoeias recommend the drug for the treatment of the following diseases: cold pain in the abdomen, stomach cold and vomiting, belching and heartburn.

Arabia and Europe

Dioscorides , Pliny and Galenus did not know the real galangal. It was probably brought west via India by Arab merchants in the early Middle Ages.

In the 10th century, the medical historian Ibn Ğulğul (Ibn Dschuldschul) wrote a “supplement to the Materia medica of Dioscurides” (Maqāla fī Dikr al-adwiya allatī lam yad kurhā Diyūsqūrīdas fī kitābihī) in Cordoba . In it he called the galangal "Hūlanğān":

“Hūlanğān. An Indian drug, warm and moist. It increases potency, is digestible for the cold stomach, has a pleasant smell, strengthens the stomach, the cold liver and the internal organs. "

- Ibn Ğulğul : Supplement to the Materia medica of Dioscurides.

This information was adopted and supplemented by later Arab and European authors.

In the 19th century, the root of the real galangal was part of the tinctura aromatica - the aromatic tincture . This was included in the group of "irritating drugs (Erethistica)":

"Take: Zimmelcassie two ounces [approx. 58 grams], small cardamoms , cloves , galangal root , ginger root of each half an ounce [approx. 14.5 grams]. Powder them coarsely and pour two pounds of rectified alcohol on them. Macerate for eight days in a closed vessel that must be shaken frequently, then squeeze and filter. It is red-brown in color. "

- Karl Friedrich Mohr : Commentary on the Prussian Pharmacopoeia (6th edition). Vieweg and Son, Braunschweig 1854, Volume II, p. 373

swell

Web links

Commons : Echter Galangal  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Alpinia officinarum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  2. ↑ List of ingredients for Red Bull Cola - Galangal extract is part of the flavor mix.
  3. ↑ Laos powder ( Memento of the original from January 9, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on kochrezepte.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kochrezepte.de
  4. ↑ Koehler's medicinal plants . Volume II, Gera 1887, No 187 digitized
  5. ↑ a b c d e f David Hoffmann : Naturally healthy - herbal medicine . Over 200 herbs and medicinal plants and their effects on health. Ed .: Element Books . 1st edition. Element Books, Shaftesbury , England , UK 1996, Part Three: The Plant Directory, pp.  58 (256 pp., English: The Complete Illustrated Holistic Herbal . Shaftesbury, England 1996. Translated by Mosaik Verlag).
  6. ^ A b Siegfried Bäumler, Medicinal Plant Practice Today: Portraits, Recipes, Application
  7. ↑ Konrad Goehl : Observations and additions to the 'Circa instans'. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2015 (2016), pp. 69-77, here: p. 71.
  8. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hanover 1882; Reprint in 2 volumes, Amsterdam 1967, p. 22.
  9. ↑ See also Jürgen Martin: Die 'Ulmer Wundarznei'. Introduction - Text - Glossary on a monument to German specialist prose from the 15th century. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1991 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 52), ISBN 3-88479-801-4 (also medical dissertation Würzburg 1990), p. 128 (on "galgen wurtz" or galgan root , from Middle High German galgan ).
  10. ^ Translation of the text by Franz Unterkircher. Tacuinum sanitatis ... Graz 2004, p. 72: Galangal: Complexion: warm in the 3rd, dry in the 2nd degree. Preferable: tall. Benefit: good for the hip veins, makes good bad breath, increases sexual potency. Harm: harms the heart. Prevention of harm: with oily dishes. What it produces: hot juices. Beneficial for people with cold and damp complexions, for old people, in winter, in all areas.
  11. ↑ Quoted from Bencao Gangmu , Book 14 (Annotated Reprint, PR China 1975, Volume II, p. 862).
  12. ↑ Quoted and translated from: Pharmacopoeia of the PR China 1985 . Volume I, p. 252.
  13. ↑ George Arthur Stuart. Chinese Materia Medica. Vegetable Kingdom. Shanghai 1911, p. 31 (digitized version)
  14. ↑ Koehler's medicinal plants . Volume II, Gera 1887, No 187: Name and history (digitized version)
  15. ^ Manfred Ullmann . Medicine in Islam. In: Handbook of Oriental Studies. 1st department, supplement Vol. VI, Section 1 EJ Brill, Leiden 1970, pp. 229, 268
  16. ↑ After: Albert Dietrich . Ibn Ğulğul's addition to the Materia medica of Dioscurides. Arabic text with commented German translation. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1993, p. 32: Hūlanğān (interpreted by Dietrich as Alpinia officinarum).
  17. ^ Theodor Husemann . Handbook of the entire pharmacology. Springer, Berlin. 2nd ed. 1883, Volume II, p. 517 (digitized version)
  18. ^ Karl Friedrich Mohr. Commentary on the Prussian Pharmacopoeia (6th edition). Vieweg and Son, Braunschweig 1854, Volume II, p. 373 (digitized version)
  19. ^ Theodor Husemann (1833-1901). Handbook of the entire pharmacology. 2nd edition, Volume II, Springer, Berlin 1883, p. 565 (digitized version)
  20. ↑ Ibn Ğulğul, 10th century Maqāla fī Dikr al-adwiya allatī lam yad kurhā Diyūsqūrīdas fī kitābihī. - Supplement to the Materia medica of Dioscurides. After: Albert Dietrich . Ibn Ğulğul's addition to the Materia medica of Dioscurides. Arabic text with commented German translation. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1993, p. 32: Hūlanğān (interpreted by Dietrich as Alpinia officinarum)
  21. ^ Avicenna . Canon of Medicine . Edition Andrea Alpago, Basel 1556, p. 243: Galanga (digitized version )
  22. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century De Gradibus . Print edition Basel 1536, p. 372: Galanga (digitized version )
  23. ↑ Approximately instans . De simplicibus medicinis. 12th century print Venice 1497, Journal 199R. Galanga (digitized)
  24. ↑ Aggregator (Pseudo-Serapion) , 13th century, printed in Venice 1497, sheet 146r (No. CCCXXXII): Galanga (digitized)
  25. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar . Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume I 1840, p. 399 (digitized version)
  26. ↑ Macer floridus . 11th century, printed Basel 1527, p. 45: Galanga (digital copy )
  27. ^ German Macer . 13th century critical text edition (Schnell / Crossgrove 2003) with the main manuscript Berlin, Ms.germ.quart. 1245. Tübingen 2003, p. 376. Cpg 226, Elsaß 1459 –1469, sheet 204v: (.lxxviij. Galanga is called galgan which is hot and fuchter natur / flegmaticis the galgan is well used (He distributes the wint by the people (Er help the stomach wol daüwen and give the stomach a good smell (digitalized)
  28. ↑ Innsbrucker (Prüller) herbal book . (12th century) Friedrich Wilhelm. Monuments of German prose. Munich 1960, Volume I, pp. 44-45; Volume II, p. 112. Galgan . Bavarian State Library Clm 536, sheet 86v: Galgan (digitized) .
  29. ↑ Hildegard von Bingen . 12th Century Physica , Book I, Chapter 13th Edition. Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1134 (digitized) . Translation Portmann 1991, pp. 50–51: The galangal is very warm and has no cold in itself and is medicinal. A person who has a hot fever in him pulverize galangal and drink this powder in spring water, and he will quench the hot fever. And whoever has pain in the back or in the side because of bad juices, boil galangal in wine and drink it warm often, and the pain will cease. And whoever has heartache and who is weak in the heart will soon eat enough galangal and he will feel better.
  30. ↑ Galangal spice treatise 13th century. Manuscript in Alemannic language: Cpg 620, recipe collection - Northern Bavaria around 1450, sheet 75r: Galganum (digitized version ) .
  31. ^ Franz Pfeiffer (ed.). Konrad von Megenberg . Book of nature . Stuttgart 1861, p. 368: Galgan (digitized)
  32. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484 (edition Passau 1484), Part II, Chapter 18: Galanga (digitized version )
  33. ^ Gart der Gesundheit , Mainz 1485. Edition Augsburg (Schönsperger) 1485. Cap. 198 galanga gallows (digitized version )
  34. ↑ Hortus sanitatis , Mainz 1491, Book I, Chapter 208: Galanga . (Digitized version)
  35. ↑ Hieronymus Bock . German pantry . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1550, sheet 102v: Von Galanga wurtz (digitized version )
  36. ↑ Garcia da Orta . Aromatum et Simplicium aliquot medicamentorum apud Indos nascentium historia . Christoph Plantini, Antwerp 1567, chapter 40 (pp. 176–177): Galanga (digitized version )
  37. ↑ Cristóbal Acosta . Trattato… delle droghe medicinali… Venice 1585, pp. 45– 49: Galanga (digitized version )
  38. ↑ Jacobus Theodorus . Neuw Kreuterbuch ... The other Theyl , Frankfurt 1591, p. 597 (digitized version )
  39. ↑ Nicolas Lémery . Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. Laurent d'Houry, Paris, 1699, pp. 316-317: Galanga (digitized version ) ; Translation: Complete Lexicon of Materials. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...] . Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 477– 478 (digitized version )
  40. ^ Albrecht von Haller (editor). Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and pharmacists art clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, Sp. 685-687: Galanga major. Galanga minor. (Digitized version)
  41. ↑ William Cullen . Lectures on the materia medica. Lowndes, London 1772, p. 274: (digitized) . German. Johann Dietrich Philipp Christian Ebeling (1759–1795). Weygand, Leipzig 1781, p. 295: (digitized version)
  42. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume II (1815), pp. 34–35: Radix Galangae, Galangal root (digitized version )
  43. ^ Robert Bentley , Henry Trimen . Medicinal plants. J. & A. Churchill, London 1880, Volume IV, No 271 (digitized version)
  44. ^ Theodor Husemann . Handbook of the entire pharmacology. 2nd edition, Springer, Berlin 1883, p. 565 (digitized version)
  45. ↑ Monograph of Commission E of the former Federal Health Office. Federal Gazette of September 18, 1986 (digital version)