Gingery

Gingery
	Real ginger ( Zingiber officinale ), ; illustration from Koehler 1887
Systematics
Department :	Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
	Commelinids
Order :	Gingery
Scientific name
	Zingiberales
	Griseb.

Heliconia and Alpinia varieties in a tropical park

The ginger-like (Zingiberales) are a plant order of the Commelinida within the monocotyledons ( monocotyledons ).

The distribution is almost purely tropical . There are many species that are used as ornamental plants. The most important food plants in this order are the bananas . Many important aromatic and medicinal plants are contained here.

description

They are predominantly perennial herbaceous plants with rhizomes . Some species (for example bananas) form "false trunks" that make them look "palm-like", but these shoot axes do not lignify. The mostly large, simple leaves are smooth-edged, they are usually divided into leaf sheath, petiole and leaf blade; this trait is not very common in monocot plants. In contrast to the majority of monocots, the leaf veins are not parallel veins, but the veins all arise along the main leaf vein. The large leaf blade is interpreted as an adaptation to the high humidity and low light intensity in tropical rainforests.

The mostly hermaphroditic (unisexual in the Musaceae) flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. There are two circles with three bracts each and the bracts of the two circles are designed differently. Most of the stamens have receded or reshaped so that only one to six fertile stamens are present. Three carpels have become an under constant ovary grown.

The flower formula is: or ${\ displaystyle \ downarrow \; K_ {3} \;}$ ${\ displaystyle K _ {(3)} \; C _ {(3)} \; A_ {1-6} ^ {0-5St} \; G _ {{\ overline {(}} 3)}}$

Capsule fruits or berries are usually formed.

Systematics

The orders Zingiberales and Commelinales are sister groups.

The ginger-like (Zingiberales) belong to eight families:

Banana family (Musaceae): It contains three genera with around 35 to 42 species.
Strelitziae (Strelitziaceae): It contains three genera with only seven species.
Lowiaceae : It contains only one genus with about 15 species, with a distribution from southern China to Borneo:
- Orchidantha N.E. Br. (Syn .: Lowia Scort. , Protamomum Ridl. , Wolfia Post & Kuntze )
Heliconiae (Heliconiaceae): It contains only one genus with 100 to 225 species:
- Heliconia ( Heliconia )
Ginger family (Zingiberaceae): It is divided into four subfamilies and contains 52 to 53 genera with 1075 to 1300 species.
Costaceae : It contains seven genera and around 110 to 120 species with pantropical distribution.
Flower cane family (Cannaceae): It contains only one genus with about 19 species, only in the Neotropic :
- Flower tube ( canna )
Arrowroot family (Marantaceae): It contains around 31 genera with around 550 species, in the tropics , especially in the Neotropics , not in Australia (selection).

Cladogram according to Kress et al. 1997:

Zingiberales

Core
Zingiberales

	Zingiberaceae

	Costaceae

	Cannaceae

	Marantaceae

The Cannaceae with the Marantaceae and the aromatic Zingiberaceae with the non-aromatic Costaceae are sister groups - together they form a core group of the Zingiberales. The other four families are more isolated.

swell

The order of the Zingiberales on the AP website. (Section systematics and description)
The order of the Zingiberales at the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) of the Smithsonian Institution . With an identification key to the families. (Section systematics and description)
WJ Kress, LM Prince, WJ Hahn & EA Zimmer: Unraveling the evolutionary radiation of the families of the Zingiberales using morphological and molecular evidence , In: Systematic Biology , 50 (6), 2001, pp. 926-944.
WJ Kress & CD Specht: The evolutionary and biogeographic origin and diversification on the tropical monocot or Zingiberales. , in JT Columbus, EA Friar, JM Porter, LM Prince & MG Simpson (Eds.): Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding poales. , in Aliso , 22, 2006, pp. 621-632.
WS Judd, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens & MJ Donoghue: Zingiberales , Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach , 3rd Edition, Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, 2007, pp. 301-302. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2 .
Brief overview of the order and the families belonging to it. (German)

Individual evidence

↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 161, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 105-121.
^ W. John Kress & William J. Hahn: Zingiberanae. The bananas, gingers, and relatives. , 1997: in the Tree of Life project .

Web links

Commons : Gingery (Zingiberales) - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

[AGPiii-1] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 161, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 105-121.

[Tree_of_Life_Projekt-2] W. John Kress & William J. Hahn: Zingiberanae. The bananas, gingers, and relatives. , 1997: in the Tree of Life project .