Costaceae

Costaceae
	Costus deistellii
Systematics
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
	Commelinids
Order :	Gingery (Zingiberales)
Family :	Costaceae
Scientific name
	Costaceae
	( K.Schum. ) Nakai

The Costaceae are a family that belongs to the order of the ginger-like (Zingiberales) within the monocotyledons ( monocotyledons ). The eight genera with 110 to 120 species, which have been differentiated since 2010, are distributed in the tropics almost worldwide.

In contrast to the Zingiberaceae, the plants of the Costaceae do not smell aromatic. Hardly any species of the Costaceae are used by humans. From time to time, individual species can be seen as ornamental plants in tropical parks and gardens. Almost every botanical garden exhibits some species. Hardly any specimens will be found as houseplants. Starch is obtained from the rhizomes of Hellenia speciosa (syn .: Cheilocostus speciosus , Costus speciosus ).

Description and ecology

Habitus and inflorescences of Costus comosus

Inflorescence and flower of Hellenia speciosa

Flower and leaves of Monocostus uniflorus

They are perennial herbaceous plants with rhizomes . Some taxa are succulent , others are climbing plants , and a few species are epiphytes . Unlike their relatives, the ginger family (Zingiberaceae), they are not aromatic . Long, mostly unbranched, in some species branched, mostly spirally twisted stems are formed (no “pseudo- stems ” as for example in the Musaceae). The alternate and spirally arranged leaves on the stem are usually divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The simple leaf blade is narrow to broadly elliptical, smooth or hairy and with entire margins. The leaf sheath at least partially envelops the stem.

The terminal, peg-like, ährigen or rare zymösen inflorescences have large, often brightly colored bracts (bracts); in a few species the flowers are single or in pairs. The hermaphrodite flowers are threefold and zygomorphic . The three sepals and three petals are free. Of the originally six stamens in each flower only one is fertile (fertile) with a broad stamen ; the other five are transformed into staminodes , which are fused together to form a labellum that is larger than the petals. Three carpels have become an under constant ovary grown with many ovules per ovary chamber. Pollination takes place by insects ( entomophilia ) or bats ( chiropterophilia ).

The flower formula is: ${\ displaystyle \ downarrow \; K _ {(3)} \; C _ {(3)} \; A_ {1} ^ {(5St)} \; G _ {\ overline {(3)}}}$

They usually form two or three-chamber capsule fruits with many seeds. Sometimes it is also nuts . The starchy, black seeds and have a white or yellow aril .

Systematics and distribution

The distribution is pan- tropical , with emphasis in the Neotropic and the Pacific Islands .

The Costaceae family contains 110 to 120 species. Since Tomlinson 1962, the family has only contained four genera. In 2006 some species of the genus Costus s. l. placed in the three new genera Cheilocostus , Chamaecostus , Paracostus , in 2010 the genus Hellenia was added, so that the family now includes about eight genera:

Chamaecostus C. Specht & DWStev. : The seven or so species are distributed in South America, from the Guyana shield to the Amazon basin of Bolivia and Brazil at the western end of the Brazilian shield.

Cheilocostus C. Woodpecker : The fouror sospecies are distributed in Southeast Asia , the Indonesian Archipelago and New Guinea. According to R. Govaerts, they will be assigned to Hellenia .

Costus L. s. st. (Syn .: Banksea J.Koenig , Jacuanga T.Lestib. , Cadalvena Fenzl ), also called Kostwurz, ornamental ginger or spiral ginger : The approximately 80 (up to 100 species) are distributed throughout the tropical belt.

Dimerocostus Kuntze (Syn .: Mulfordia Rusby ): It contains only three neotropical species:

Dimerocostus argenteus (Ruiz & Pav.) Maas : It occurs in Peru and northern Bolivia .
Dimerocostus cryptocalyx N.R. Salinas & Betancur : It was first described from Colombia in 2004.
Dimerocostus strobilaceus Kuntze : The three subspecies are widespread from Central to South America and occur from Nicaragua to Venezuela and Suriname to northern Bolivia.

Hellenia Retz. : In 2010 and 2013, Suchandra Ranjit Dutta placed species that most recently belonged to Cheilocostus into this newly activated genus. According to R. Govaerts, these now include:

Hellenia borneensis (ADPoulsen) Govaerts : It occurs in Sarawak .
Hellenia globosa (Blume) SRDutta (Syn .: Cheilocostus globosus (Blume) CDSpecht , Costus globosus Blume , Costus kingii Baker , Costus ridleyi K.Schum. , Costus velutinus Ridl. , Costus dhaninivatii K.Larsen ): It is from Thailand to ins western Malesia common.
Hellenia lacera (Gagnep.) Govaerts : It occurs from Nepal to the Chinese provinces of Yunnan and Guangxi .
Hellenia sopuensis (Maas & H.Maas) Govaerts : It occurs on Sulawesi .
Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) SRDutta (Syn .: Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) CDSpecht , Banksea speciosa J.Koenig , Costus speciosus (J.Koenig) Sm. , Hellenia grandiflora Retz. Nom. Superfl., Tsiana speciosa (J .Koenig) JFGmel. , Planera speciosa (J.Koenig) Giseke , Kaempferia speciosa (J.Koenig) Thunb. , Pyxa speciosa (J.Koenig) MRAlmeida nom. Inval.): It is widespread from tropical to subtropical Asia and comes in Queensland before.

Monocostus K.Schum. : It is a monotypical genus:

Monocostus uniflorus (Poepp. Ex Petersen) Maas (Syn .: Monocostus ulei K.Schum. ): This endemic occurs only on the Río Huallaga near the city of Tarapoto in Peru at altitudes of around 500 meters.

Paracostus C. woodpecker : It contains only two species:

Paracostus englerianus (K.Schum.) C. Specht : It is distributed in tropical Africa .
Paracostus paradoxus (K.Schum.) C. Specht : It is common in the Indonesian archipelago.

Tapeinochilos Miq. : The distribution area of the approximately 17 species extends from the Sulu Islands of the Moluccas via New Guinea to Vanuatu and tropical Australia (northern Queensland) as the southernmost area. The center of biodiversity with 80% of the species is in New Guinea.

photos

Kostwurz species ( Costus ):

Costus afer
Costus barbatus
Costus dubius
Inflorescence and flower of Costus malortieanus
Costus pictus

Tapeinochilos ananassae :

Habitus
inflorescence
inflorescence

swell

The family of Costaceae in APWebsite. (Section systematics)
The Costaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson and MJDallwitz. (Section description)
Delin Wu, Kai Larsen: Costaceae. , P. 320 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5 (section description)
The Costaceae family at Zingiberales Research at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History (NMNH). (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
Chelsea D. Specht, WJ Kress, Dennis Wm. Stevenson, R. DeSalle: A molecular phylogeny of Costaceae (Zingiberales). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 21, Number 3, 2001, pp. 333-345.
Chelsea D. Specht, Dennis Wm. Stevenson: A new phylogeny-based generic classification of Costaceae (Zingiberales). In. Taxon , Volume 55, Number 1, 2006, pp. 153-163: Online. (Section systematics)

Individual evidence

↑ Chelsea D. Specht, Dennis Wm. Stevenson: A new phylogeny-based generic classification of Costaceae (Zingiberales). In: Taxon , Volume 55, Number 1, 2006, pp. 153-163: Online.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Costaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 4, 2017.

Web links

Commons : Costaceae - collection of images, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[Specht2006-1] Chelsea D. Specht, Dennis Wm. Stevenson: A new phylogeny-based generic classification of Costaceae (Zingiberales). In: Taxon , Volume 55, Number 1, 2006, pp. 153-163: Online.

[WCSP-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Costaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 4, 2017.